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Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction to vSphere 1
What's New in This Release 1
Storage, Backup, and Data Protection 2
ESX and ESXi 6
Virtual Machines 7
vCenter Server 8
Clients and Management 10
Networking 11
Security 12
Availability 13
Compatibility and Extensibility 14
Configuration Maximum Differences from V13 15
Understanding the Licensing Changes 16
Summary 19
Chapter 2 ESX and ESXi Hosts 21
What's New with ESX and ESXi Hosts in vSphere 21
64-Bit VMkernel and ESX Service Console 21
Support for More Memory, CPUs, and VMs 22
Support for Enhanced Intel SpeedStep and Enhanced AMD PowerNow! 24
Improved Host Server Hardware Integration and Reporting in the vSphere Client 27
Selecting Physical Host Hardware to Use with vSphere 28
64-bit CPUs and Long Mode 28
AMD and Intel Virtualization Extensions 29
Checking Your Server Hardware 29
Differences between ESX and ESXi 31
ESX Service Console 32
ESXi Management Console 33
Functionality Differences between ESX and ESXi 34
Using Host Profiles 37
Creating and Configuring Host Profiles 37
Applying Host Profiles 39
Summary 40
Chapter 3 Virtual Machines 41
What's New with Virtual Machines in vSphere 41
Virtual Machine Hardware Version 41
Support for Eight vCPUs and 255GB of Ram 42
Support for Additional Guest Operating Systems 43
VMXNET3 Virtual Network Adapter 43
Paravirtual SCSI Adapter and IDE Adapter 44
Memory Hot Add and CPU Hot Plug Features 44
Display Adapter Settings 46
Support for USB Controllers 47
Virtual Machine Communication Interface 47
VMDirectPath Feature 49
Anatomy of a Virtual Machine 52
Virtual Machine Hardwar 53
Virtual Machine Files 55
Virtual Machine Disks 59
Summary 66
Chapter 4 vCenter Server 67
What's New with vCenter Server in vSphere 67
vCenter Server Linked Mode 67
vApps 70
Licensing 72
Alarms and Events 73
Permissions and Roles 76
New Home Page 80
vCenter Server Settings 81
Searching 83
Plug-ins 84
Guided Consolidation 85
Converter 86
VMware Data Recovery 87
Update Manager 87
Third-Party Plug-ins 89
Summary 90
Chapter 5 Storage in vSphere 91
What's New with Storage in vSphere 91
vStorage APIs 91
Paravirtualization 94
Growing VMFS Volumes 97
Choosing a Storage Type 100
Local Storage 100
Direct Attached Storage 101
Fibre Channel Storage 102
iSCSI Storage 103
NAS/NFS Storage 105
Mixing Storage Types 106
Additional Storage Considerations 107
LUN Size Considerations 107
Choosing a Block Size 110
VMFS versus Raw Device Mappings 111
10K versus 15K rpm Hard Drives 113
Raid Levels 113
Jumbo Frames 114
Boot from SAN 115
Drives and Storage Adapters 117
Storage Configuration 120
Local Storage 120
Direct Attach Storage 120
Fibre Channel Storage 120
iSCSI Storage 122
NFS Storage 123
Summary 124
Chapter 6 Networking in vSphere 127
What's New with Networking in vSphere 127
Distributed and Third-Party vSwitches 127
Private VLANs 128
IP Version 6 128
Physical NICs 130
Virtual NICs 132
Vlance 133
VMXNET 133
Flexible 133
E1000 133
VMXNET2 133
VMXNET3 134
Standard vSwitches 137
Distributed vSwitches 138
Deployment Considerations 139
vDS Configuration 141
Cisco Nexus 1000V 143
Advanced Functionality for vSwitches 144
Benefits of Using Nexus 1000V 145
Installing and Configuring Nexus 1000V 146
Choosing a vSwitch Type 147
vShield Zones 149
Additional Resources 153
Summary 154
Chapter 7 Performance in vSphere 155
What's New with Performance in vSphere 156
CPU Enhancements 156
Memory Enhancements 156
Storage Enhancements 157
Networking Enhancements 158
Monitoring vSphere Performance 158
Resource Views 159
Performance Charts 160
Understanding Host Server Performance Metrics 167
Performance Alarms 171
Troubleshooting vSphere Performance Issues 172
esxtop and resxtop 173
CPU Performance Troubleshooting 178
CPU Load Average 178
Physical CPU Utilization (PCPU USED (%)) 179
Physical CPU Utilization by a World (%USED) 180
World Physical CPU Wait (%RDY) 181
Max Limited (%MLMTD) 182
World VMkernel Memory Swap Wait Time (%SWPWT) 182
vCPU Co-deschedule Wait Time (%CSTP) 183
CPU Configuration Tips 183
Memory Performance Troubleshooting 185
Transparent Page Sharing (TPS) 186
Physical Memory (PMEM/MB) 187
Memory Overcommitment Average 188
ESX Service Console Memory (COSMEM/MB) 188
VMkernel Memory (VMKMEM/MB) 189
Swap (SWAP/MB) 190
Memory Compression (ZIP/MB) 191
Memory Balloon Statistics (MEMCTL/MB) 191
Memory Performance Troubleshooting a Virtual Machine (VM) 192
%Swap Wait Time (SWPWT) 194
Memory Configuration Tips 194
Disk/Storage Troubleshooting 195
Device Average (DAVG/cmd) 196
VMkernel Average (KAVG/cmd) 196
Guest Average (GAVG/cmd) 196
Queue Depths (QUED) 197
Storage Command Aborts (ABRT/s) 197
Storage Command Resets (RESETS/s) 198
Storage Configuration Tips 198
Network Troubleshooting 200
Network Configuration Tips 201
Additional Troubleshooting Tips 202
Summary 203
Chapter 8 Backups in vSphere 205
Backup Methods 205
Traditional Backups 206
Backup Scripts 207
Third-Party vSphere-Specific Backup Products 207
Backup Types 208
VMware Data Recovery 209
Installing VMware Data Recovery 210
Configuring VMware Data Recovery 211
Summary 216
Chapter 9 Advanced Features 217
High Avilability (HA) 217
How HA Works 217
Configuring HA 219
Advanced Configuration 224
Additional Resources 224
Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) 224
How DRS Works 225
Configuring DRS 225
Distributed Power Management (DPM) 227
How DPM Works 227
Configuring DPM 228
DPM Considerations 230
VMotion 231
How VMotion Works 231
Configuring VMotion 232
VMotion Considerations 233
Enhanced VMotion Compatibility (EVC) 234
Storage VMotion 235
How SVMotion Works 236
Configuring SVMotion 236
Fault Tolerance (FT) 237
How FT Works 238
Configuring FT 240
FT Considerations 243
Summary 245
Chapter 10 Management of vSphere 247
vSphere Client 247
Web Access 249
vSphere CLI 249
vSphere Management Assistant 251
PowerShell and PowerCLI 252
ESX Service Console 254
ESXi Management Console 255
Free Third-Party Tools 257
SSH Console Utilities 257
SCP File Transfer Utilities 257
Summary 258
Chapter 11 Installing vSphere 259
Installing vCenter Server 260
Choosing a Database for vCenter Server 260
Physical Server or Virtual Machine? 263
Operating System and Hardware 264
Prerequisites 265
vCenter Server Installation Steps 265
Installing ESX and ESXi 267
Preparing the Server for Installation 267
Importance of the Hardware Compatibility Guide 268
Boot from SAN Considerations 270
ESX Partition Considerations 270
ESX Installation Steps 273
Installing ESXi 278
Installing ESXi on a Local Hard Disk 278
Installing ESXi on a USB Flash Drive 279
Summary 284
Chapter 12 Upgrading to vSphere 285
Compatibility Considerations 285
Hardware Compatibility 286
Software and Database Compatibility 286
Third-Party Application Compatibility 287
VMware Product Compatibility 287
Planning an Upgrade 287
Upgrade Phases 288
Upgrade Methods 289
Upgrade Techniques 293
Rolling Back to Previous Versions 294
Pre-Upgrade Checklist 295
Phase 1 Upgrading vCenter Server 297
Backing Up Key Files 297
Agent Pre-Upgrade Check Tool 298
Running the vCenter Server Installer 299
Post-Installation Steps 300
Phase 2 Upgrading ESX and ESXi 301
Using the Host Update Utility 302
Using Update Manager 303
Post-Upgrade Considerations 305
Phase 3 Upgrading Virtual Machines 306
Upgrading VMware Tools 306
Upgrading Virtual Machine Hardware 307
Using Update Manager to Upgrade VMware Tools and Virtual Hardware 308
Summary 309
Chapter 13 Creating and Configuring Virtual Machines 311
Creating a Virtual Machine in vSphere 311
Creating a Virtual Machine 311
Installing VMware Tools 316
VM Hardware, Options, and Resource Controls 318
VM Hardware 318
VM Options 321
VM Resources 325
Summary 329
Chapter 14 Building Your Own vSphere Lab 331
Why Build a vSpher Lab? 331
What Do You Want from a vSphere Lab? 333
What You Need to Build Your Own vSphere Lab 334
Hardware 334
Software 335
Environment 335
Support: The "Official" Line 335
Hardware 336
Server 337
CPU 338
Memory 341
Network Controller 343
Disk Array Controller 345
Shared Storage 347
Network Switches 353
Software Components 356
Environmental and Other Lab Considerations 357
Running Nested VMs 358
VMware ESX/ESXi on VMWare Workstation 7 359
Virtual ESX/ESXi Instances on a Physical ESX/ESXi Host 360
Summary 363
Index 365
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