Pesticide Risk Assessment in Rice Paddies: Theory and Practice Book

Preface     ix
Rice Cultivation in the E.U. Ecological Conditions and Agronomical Practices   Aldo Ferrero   Antorsio Tinarelli
Introduction     1
Rice ecosystems     2
Rice cultivation in Europe     4
Ecological conditions     6
Agronomic practices     8
Weeds and weed management     14
Rice diseases     20
Invertebrate pests     20
Ripening and harvesting     21
Paddy drying process and product preservation     22
Crop management and environment     22
References     23
Regulatory Aspects of Pesticide Risk Assessment   Andrew Craven   James Garratt   Laura Padovani
Introduction     26
The legislative framework     26
The scientific assessment of active substances     28
The process of pesticide approval and registration     36
Current developments in the pesticide regulatory process in the EU     40
References     43
Will Risk Assessment Help Risk Management?   Mark H. M. M. Montforts
Introduction     45
The knowledge transfer process     46
Management by methodology     51
A gradientfrom science to management     55
References     56
Water Resource Contamination in Italian Paddy Areas   Ettore Capri
Introduction     59
Potential non-point contamination     60
Defining vulnerable area     62
Human risk     64
References     66
Ecotoxicology of Rice Pesticides   Jose V. Tarazona   G. Peter Dohmen
Introduction     69
Environmental and ecotoxicity data for risk assessment of pesticides     71
Specific issues associated with paddy rice     74
Ecotoxicological assessment of rice pesticides     77
Conclusions     87
References     88
Pesticide Exposure Assessment in Rice Paddies: The Lower-Tier Analysis   S. Cervelli   R. Jackson
Introduction     91
Environmental fate data requirements     92
Definition of scenarios for exposure assessment     92
Predicted environmental concentrations in surface water and sediment     94
Predicted environmental concentrations in groundwater     99
Predicted environmental concentrations in soil     101
Step 2 exposure assessment     102
Conclusions     122
References      123
Higher Tier Exposure Assessment in Rice Paddy Areas: A European Perspective   D. G. Karpouzas   Z. Miao
Introduction     125
Exposure assessment at Tier 3: paddy field scale level     128
Exposure assessment at Tier 4: basin scale level     145
Concluding remarks and the way forward     160
Acknowledgments     162
References     162
Pesticide Exposure Assessment in Rice Paddy Areas: A Japanese Perspective   H. Watanabe   K. Inao   S. H. Vu   T. K. Phong   S. Ishihara   K. Takagi   J. Tournebize
Introduction     168
Pesticide use in Japan     169
Pesticide regulation in Japan     170
Tier system approach in the new pesticide registration scheme     171
Monitoring pesticide risk in monsoon Asian climate     180
Modeling the fate and transport of pesticides at the paddy field and watershed scale     192
Risk management for reducing pesticide losses into aquatic environments in Asian monsoon climate     206
Summary and conclusions     209
References     211
Higher Tier Exposure Assessments in Rice Paddy Areas: An American Perspective   Amy M. Ritter   W. Martin Williams
Overview of rice production in the United States     215
United States Environmental Protection Agency tiered process for risk assessment     217
Tier 1 assessment     218
Tier 2 assessment (RICEWQ/EXAMS)     219
Tier 3 assessment (RICEWQ/RIVWQ watershed)     226
Tier 4 assessment (monitoring/mitigation)     229
Discussion     233
Disclaimer     235
References     235
Socio-Economic and Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rice Cultivation   G. Canali
Introduction: externalities, public goods and economic value of the resource-environment system     237
Towards a general framework for a social cost-benefit analysis of rice cultivation     239
Economic tools and techniques for the economic evaluation of costs and benefits     243
Quantitative assessment of specific aspects of rice cultivation     244
Major issues and perspectives for future work     245
References     247
Index     249
Colour Plate Section     251