Westward Expansion : Biographies Book

	Introduction	xi
	Reader's Guide	xv
	Timeline	xvii
	Words to Know	xxxv
	Research and Activity Ideas	xliii
Chapter 1	Claiming the Near West: Territorial Expansion to 1812	1
	Disrupting the Balance of Power	2
	The French and Indian War (1754-63)	3
	Opening the West	4
	The Revolutionary War (1776-83)	5
	The Ordinance of 1785	7
	Excerpt from the Land Ordinance of 1785 (box)	7
	The Northwest Ordinance	8
	Taking Indian Land	9
	Land Sales	10
	Carving Farms from the Forest	10
	Obstacles to Expansion	12
	The Louisiana Purchase	14
	The Coming of the War of 1812	16
	Tecumseh and Indian Resistance	16
	The Battle of New Orleans (box)	17
Chapter 2	Opening the West	21
	The Fur Trade	22
	Claiming the Land	23
	Discovering the Land's Riches: Lewis and Clark	24
	Sacajawea (box)	28
	The Inhabited West	29
	Founding Astoria	33
	Trappers Map the West	34
	Topographical Engineers	35
	The Mountain Man Rendezvous (box)	36
	John Fremont, Promoter of the West	37
	Mapping the Inland Territories	40
Chapter 3	Driving the Indians Westward: Indian Removal to 1840	43
	First Encounters	44
	Following God's Plan	44
	The White Tide	45
	Early Hostilities	46
	Dividing the Land	46
	Fighting for the Old Northwest	48
	Little Turtle's War	49
	Defeating Tecumseh	49
	Driving Native Americans Westward	52
	Andrew Jackson, Indian Fighter	52
	The Seminole Wars	52
	Indian Removal	53
	The Trail of Tears	54
	Manifest Destiny and the Plight of Native Americans	55
Chapter 4	Claiming the Far West: Territorial Expansion after 1812	59
	The Dreams of a President	60
	The Drive for Expansion	62
	Manifest Destiny (box)	63
	Texas	64
	Acquiring the Oregon Territory	66
	War with Mexico	68
	The Gadsden Purchase (box)	70
	Populating the West	70
	Land and Gold	70
	Farmers and Ranchers	72
	The End of the Frontier	74
Chapter 5	Trails West	77
	The First Expeditions	77
	The Father of the Santa Fe Trail	79
	Susan Shelby Magoffin: A Woman on the Santa Fe Trail (box)	80
	Near Death at the Cimarron Cutoff	80
	Danger on the Trail	82
	The Oregon Trail	84
	The Great Migration	86
	The Routes West	88
	Stocking a Wagon	92
	The Donner Party (box)	94
	Indians on the Trail	96
	Death on the Trail	97
	Other Dreams, Other Trails	98
	Trails' End	102
Chapter 6	The Gold Rush	105
	California before the Gold Rush	106
	The Discovery of Gold	110
	John Sutter (box)	113
	Gold Fever	114
	Getting There	115
	Levi Strauss (box)	118
	In the Goldfields	120
	The Mining Camps	122
	Vigilante Justice	123
	A Diverse Country	124
	Modern Robin Hood: Joaquin Murieta	126
	Gold Rush Legacy	126
Chapter 7	Winning the West: Indian Wars after 1840	131
	Indians of the Southwest	132
	Navajo Resistance	133
	The Apache	135
	Cochise	136
	Blood on the Plains	137
	The Sand Creek Massacre	139
	Geronimo (box)	139
	The War Escalates	140
	Black Hills Battles	141
	The Battle of Little Bighorn	142
	The End of the Indian Wars	143
Chapter 8	Westward Expansion and Indian Culture	149
	The Common Culture of Trade	149
	The End of Native American Power	151
	The Iroquois	152
	The Navajo	155
	The Plains Indians	159
	Using the Buffalo (box)	162
Chapter 9	The Wild West	169
	Guns and Lawlessness	170
	The Gold Rush	170
	The Cowboy Frontier	172
	The Cattle Boom	174
	The Cattle Drive (box)	176
	The Wild Life of a Cattle Town	178
	Dancing Cowboys (box)	180
	Cowboys and Killers	181
	The Fence Cutter's War	183
	The End of the Wild West	184
Chapter 10	Religion and the West	187
	The First Missionaries	187
	Native American Religious Traditions	188
	Protestant Missionaries	193
	Mormons	196
	Peter Cartwright, Methodist Preacher (box)	197
	Some Must Push and Some Must Pull (box)	200
Chapter 11	Technology and the Making of the West	205
	Canals	206
	The Stagecoach	209
	Black Bart (box)	212
	Railroads	213
	Mary Fields (box)	214
	Guns	217
	The Pony Express	221
	The Telegraph	223
	Barbed Wire	225
	The Barbed Wire Industry (box)	226
	The Frontier and American Character	231
	Defining the Frontier	232
	The Call of the West	233
	The Difficulties of Moving West (box)	234
	Manifest Destiny	235
	The American Character	236
	Democracy and the Frontier	237
	Spreading the Myth	240
	James Fenimore Cooper (box)	241
	Where to Learn More	247
	Index	249