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Acknowledgements xi
Sex worker or prostitute? xiii
Introduction xv
1 Peter Sutcliffe: a long shadow 1
Sutcliffe's victims 3
The Byford Report 7
Policing of prostitution during the Sutcliffe investigation 9
Deluded visionary, sexual sadist or archetypal misogynist? 14
Sutcliffe as punter: bad or bogus? 17
Feminism in the Sutcliffe era 18
2 What is violence against sex workers? 27
Is sex work 'in and of itself violence against women'? 27
Redefining violence in the sex industry 30
3 Inclusions and exclusions 33
Which sex workers? 33
Pimping and sexual exploitation of children 33
Trafficking 34
Ethnicity 35
Violence by sex workers 35
Trans and male sex workers 36
4 Prevention, Ugly Mugs and the role of outreach projects 38
Preventing violence 38
Reporting and recording violence against sex workers 39
The Ugly Mug system 40
What Ugly Mugs can tell us 41
The role of outreach projects 43
Crimestoppers 46
5 Who attacks sex workers? 49
Pimps, partners, families and acquaintances 50
Police 53
Robbers and muggers 55
Community violence 55
Clients: the good, the bad and the bogus 56
Resisting the client role 59
The 'client disguise' 62
The 'non-client excuse' 63
Other predators 64
6 Street sex work: the context of violence 66
Legal framework 66
Playing the numbers game 67
Drug use 68
Safety, policing and violence on the street 69
Effects of zero tolerance on sex workers' safety strategies 77
7 Street violence: individual and community aggression 81
The London Ugly Mugs List 81
Location of street attacks 82
Reporting of violence to the police 83
Types of street attack 84
Not paying forsex 85
People in the vicinity 86
Community violence 88
Cleaning the streets 90
8 The cleansing of Balsall Heath 93
Balsall Heath: the background 94
Events between 1994 and 1996 98
The Balsall Heath effect 106
The aftermath: 1998-2007 106
9 Indoor sex work: policy and policing 110
10 Violence and indoor sex work 116
The London Ugly Mugs List, September 2000 to April 2005 117
Style of indoor work in London 118
Excluding suspect persons: singles and groups 119
Types of attack or other incident 121
Robbery, theft and other property crime 122
Sexual assaults and violations 125
Lone sex workers 127
Other violence and other incidents 128
Repeat attackers 128
Reporting to the police 129
Ethnicity and nationality of attackers 131
Sexual attacks and ethnicity 134
Summary 135
11 Attackers: court cases 137
Regional distribution of cases and working method of victims 138
Identity of attackers 140
Non-clients 140
'Clients' 141
Age and ethnicity of suspects 144
Group attacks 146
Offences 146
Multiple victims and serial offenders 148
Outcome of court cases 149
12 Motives for violence 150
Hostile attitudes 151
Provocation 156
Homicide and non-fatal violence 157
13 Murder of sex workers 159
'And then the silly girl went and got herself murdered' 159
Perceptions of sex workers' risk of murder 160
Sources of information 162
Defining victims as sex workers 164
Missing presumed dead 164
Gender 166
Age at death 167
Geographical distribution of homicides 168
Ethnicity and nationality 168
Drug use 169
Other risk factors 170
Working method 172
Ethnicity and working method 173
Working when attacked? 174
Where homicide took place 177
Summary 178
14 Killers and suspects 180
Relationship of victims to suspects 180
Cause of death 182
Gender, ethnicity and age of suspects 183
Group homicides 186
Alcohol and drug use by suspects 186
'Client suspects' 186
Non-client suspects 197
Outcomes of homicide investigations and judicial proceedings 202
15 Multiple killers 209
Suspects charged with both sex worker and non-sex worker homicides 211
Offenders convicted of homicide for a second time 214
Multiple sex worker homicides 214
16 Steve Wright: a passing nightmare? 228
Unanswered questions 228
Possible motives 230
Unheard voices 237
Policing and vulnerability 239
17 Explanations and excuses 244
18 Shutting the stable door 251
Failure to prosecute 252
Bail 253
Charges brought 254
Attitudes to sex workers 255
Sentencing 256
Monitoring of offenders after release 258
19 Promoting violence 261
Last word 264
References 266
Index 274
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