Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085 Book

	Abbreviations
	The City of Rome	1
	The Lands of St. Peter	2
	The Roman Families	4
	The Government of Rome	8
	The Roman Church	10
	Roman Monasteries	16
	The Image of Rome	18
	The Crisis at Rome, 1044-9	21
	The Young Hildebrand	27
	Hildebrand as Archdeacon	37
	Hildebrand Becomes Archdeacon	37
	Peter Damiani and Hildebrand	39
	Hildebrand under Pope Nicholas II	43
	The Cadalan Schism	49
	Hildebrand and Rome	54
	Hildebrand and the Regions of Europe	58
	Hildebrand and North Italian Reform Movements	65
	Hildebrand's Election to the Papacy	71
	Background	75
	Ottonian and Early Salian Kingship	76
	King Henry IV's Minority and Early Years	80
	1073-5	89
	The Saxon War	89
	1073: The Quest for Concord between Sacerdotium and Regnum	91
	1074: A Vision of Success	96
	1075: The Continuance of Hope	100
	1073-5: The Recalcitrance of the German Bishops	110
	1075: Gregory VII's Attempts at Conciliation	120
	From Worms to Canossa	129
	Henry IV's Breach with Gregory VII	129
	Gregory VII's Lent Synod, 1076	140
	The Erosion of Henry IV's Position	142
	Tribur-Oppenheim	150
	The Way to Canossa	153
	The Significance of Canossa	158
	From Forchheim to the Second Excommunication of Henry IV	167
	The Assembly at Forchheim	167
	The Sequel to Forchheim in Germany	171
	The Response of Henry IV	175
	Gregory VII at Rome, 1077-8	179
	The German Reaction to Gregory VII's Plans in 1078 up to the Battle of Mellrichstadt	182
	Gregory VII and Germany in the Winter of 1078-9	183
	The Eclipse of Hopes for a German Assembly	188
	Gregory VII's Lent Synod of 1080 and the Second Excommunication of Henry IV	194
	Gregory VII and Henry IV, 1080-5	199
	The Sequel in Germany to the Second Excommunication of Henry IV	199
	The Synod of Brixen	201
	Gregory's VII's Response to the Synod of Brixen	204
	The Battle on the Elster	206
	Henry IV's First Expedition to Italy	208
	The Propaganda Debate in Germany and the Election of an Anti-King	215
	Henry IV's Second Expedition to Italy	218
	Gregory VII and Henry IV at Rome in 1083	221
	Henry IV's Capture of Rome and the Setting up of the Anti-Pope Clement III	227
	The Final Stages in Italy	229
	The Final Stages in Germany: Debate	232
	The Final Stages in Germany: Confrontation	238
	Gregory VII and the German Church	242
	The Campaign against Simony and Clerical Unchastity	242
	Bishop Altmann of Passau and the Canonical Life	249
	Hirsau and German Monasticism	253
	Bernold of St. Blasien and the Propagation of Gregory VII's Aims	265
	The Kingdom of Italy	272
	Central Italy	273
	Lombardy	280
	Aquileia, Grado, and Venice	290
	Tuscany	296
	Romagna and Emilia	308
	The Church and City of Rome	314
	Gregory VII and the French Laity	334
	The King	334
	Lay Magnates	340
	Gregory VII and the French Church and Clergy	348
	The Hearing of French Churchmen at Rome	348
	Gregory VII's Use of Legates	355
	Primates and Metropolitans	375
	Gregory VII's Objectives in France	398
	The Extirpation of Simony	398
	The Question of Lay Investiture	403
	The Problem of Free Elections	407
	The Enforcement of Clerical Chastity	410
	Peace and the Defence of the Unprotected	413
	South Italy and Sicily	425
	The North-East Adriatic	439
	Hungary	443
	Bohemia	448
	Poland	451
	Russia	452
	The Scandinavian Kingdoms and Iceland	454
	The Anglo-Norman Kingdom	459
	Ireland	467
	Christian Spain	468
	The Byzantine Church and Empire	481
	The Armenian Church	487
	Islam	489
	The Berengarian Controversy	496
	The Dictatus Papae	502
	Gregory VII's Roman Synods of 1078-80	507
	The Sources of Christian Authority	514
	The Authority of the Papacy	520
	The Religious Outlook of Gregory VII	529
	The Liberty of the Church	536
	Free Elections	539
	Simony	543
	Lay Investiture	546
	Clerical Chastity	550
	Gregory VII's Demands upon Christians	554
	Charity	554
	Obedience	555
	Humility	558
	Righteousness	559
	Mercy	560
	Loyalty	563
	Gregory VII's Principal Concerns as Pope	564
	The Proclamation of the Gospel	565
	The Implementation of Righteousness	570
	The Power of the Keys	572
	The Promotion of Peace and Concord	576
	The Roman Church	584
	Roman Synods	586
	Papal Legates	592
	Primates and Metropolitans	596
	Bishops	605
	Rome and the Church Universal	606
	Gregory VII's View of the Relationship between Sacerdotium and Imperium / Regnum	608
	The Government of Kings and Princes	618
	The Regna of Europe	629
	Emperors	633
	The Bonds of Loyalty and Service	638
	Kings, Knights, and Warfare	650
	Gregory VII and the Protection of Monasteries	659
	Gregory VII's Expectations of Monasticism	662
	Montecassino and Cluny	667
	Gregory VII and Conversion to the Monastic Life	673
	The Last Months at Salerno	677
	The Final Testament	678
	Bibliography	699
	Index	739