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Foreword xi
Preface xiii
1 What You Need to Know about Organic Chemistry 1
Organic Chemicals 2
Paraffins 3
Olefins 4
Cyclic Compounds 7
Heterocompounds 9
Polymers and Oligomers 12
2 Processes and Equipment 15
Distillation 15
Measuring Processes 21
Catalysts 22
Separation and Transformation 24
3 Benzene 25
A Historical Perspective 25
Benzene from Coal 27
Benzene in Petroleum Refining 28
Benzene from Olefin Plants 35
Benzene from Toluene Hydrodealkylation 35
Benzene from Toluene Disproportionation 36
Commercial Aspects 38
4 Toluene and the Xylenes 41
Toluene 41
The Xylenes 45
5 Olefin Plants, Ethylene, and Propylene 53
Olefin Plants 53
Other Technologies 62
Ethylene 64
Propylene 68
6 Cyclohexane 71
The Traditional Process 72
The Liquid Phase Process 75
Commercial Aspects 76
7 The C4 Hydrocarbon Family 79
Processing 81
Butadiene 82
Isobutylene 85
Butene-1 86
Butene-2 87
Alkylation 88
8 Cumene and Phenol 91
Cumene 91
Phenol 96
9 Ethylbenzene and Styrene 103
Ethylbenzene 103
Styrene 108
10 Ethylene Dichloride, Vinyl Chloride, and Epichlorohydrin 117
Ethylene Dichloride and Vinyl Chloride 117
Epichlorohydrin 122
11 Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Glycol 125
Ethylene Oxide 126
Ethylene Glycol 129
12 Propylene Oxide and Propylene Glycol 133
Propylene Oxide 133
Propylene Glycol 141
13 Ethanolamines and Polyols 145
Ethanolamines 145
Polyols 147
14 Methanol and Synthesis Gas 153
Synthesis Gas 153
Methanol 156
15 FischerTropsch Process 161
The Process 161
The Equipment 163
16 Lots of Other Alcohols 165
Ethyl Alcohol 167
Isopropyl Alcohol 171
Normal Butyl Alcohol and 2-Ethyl Hexanol 175
Secondary and Tertiary Butyl Alcohols 179
1,4-Butanediol 179
The Higher Alcohols 182
17 MTBE 193
The Process 193
18 Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde 197
Formaldehyde 198
Acetaldehyde 202
19 The Ketones: Acetone, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 207
Acetone 208
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 211
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 214
20 Acids 217
Acetic Acid 218
Adipic Acid 221
Phthalic Acids 223
21 Maleic Anhydride 229
The Process 230
Commercial Aspects 234
22 Acrylonitrile, Acrylic Acid, and Acrylates 235
Acrylonitrile 236
Acrylic Acid 240
Acrylates 241
Methacrylates 246
23 Aniline and Phosgene 251
Aniline 251
Phosgene 254
24 Bisphenol A 257
The Process 262
Commercial Aspects 263
25 Alpha Olefins 261
Historical Development 262
Manufacturing Alpha Olefins 263
Commercial Aspects 271
26 Making Polymers 273
A Little History 273
Classifying Polymers 274
Making Polymers 277
Methods of Polymerization 283
Polymer Properties 284
27 Thermoplastics 289
Polyethylene 289
Polypropylene 298
Polyvinyl Chloride 301
Polystyrene 304
Foams 306
Choosing Plastics 308
28 MDI and TDI 309
MDI 309
TDI 312
29 Polyurethane 317
The Chemistry 317
Processing 320
Commercial Aspects 321
30 Epoxy Resins and Polycarbonates 323
Epoxy Resins 323
Polycarbonates 326
31 Fibers and Other Resins 331
Resins 331
Fibers 336
Appendix: Conversion and Yield Calculations 341
Measuring 342
Glossary 345
Index 373
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