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PART I
The Process of Reading, Responding
to, and Writing About Literature
WHAT IS LITERATURE, AND WHY DO WE STUDY IT?
Types of Literature: The Genres
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively
GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace
To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but her rhapsodic evening has unforeseen consequences
Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook
Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant’s “The Necklace”
MAJOR STAGES IN THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERARY TOPICS: DISCOVERING IDEAS, PREPARING TO
WRITE, MAKING AN INITIAL DRAFT OF YOUR ESSAY, AND COMPLETING THE ESSAY
Writing Does Not Come Easily—for Anyone
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought
Discovering Ideas (“Brainstorming”)
Study the Characters in the Work
Determine the Work’s Historical Period and Background
Analyze the Work’s Economic and Social Conditions
Explain the Work’s Major Ideas
Describe the Work’s Artistic Qualities
Explain Any Other Approaches that Seem Important
Preparing to Write
Build Ideas from Your Original Notes
Trace Patterns of Action and Thought
The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing
Raise and Answer Your Own Questions
Put Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or Method
Originate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing
Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay
Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement
The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature
Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization
Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence
Select Only One Topic—No More—for Each Paragraph
Referring to the Names of Authors
Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development
The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works
Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): How Setting in “The Necklace” Is Related to the Character of Mathilde
Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision
Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas
Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument
Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously
Check Your Development and Organization
Try to Be Original
Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience
Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language
Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft): How Maupassant Uses Setting in “The Necklace”to Show the Character of
Mathilde
Commentary on the Essay
Essay Commentaries
A Summary of Guidelines
Writing Topics About the Writing Process
A SHORT GUIDE TO THE USE OF REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS IN ESSAYS ABOUT LITERATURE
Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay
Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author
Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks
Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences
Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format
Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions
Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words that You Add Within Quotations
Be Careful Not to Overquote
Preserve the Spellings in Your Source
PART II
Reading and Writing About Fiction
1 FICTION: AN OVERVIEW
Modern Fiction
The Short Story
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnée
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer’s Tools
Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels
Dan Piraro, Bizarro
Art Spiegelman, from Maus
STORIES FOR STUDY
AMBROSE BIERCE An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
EDWIDGE DANTICAT Night Talkers
WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily
TIM O’BRIEN The Things They Carried
LUIGI PIRANDELLO War
ALICE WALKER Everyday Use
EUDORA WELTY A Worn Path
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction
Writing About the Plot of a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: The Plot of Eudora Welty’s “A Worn Path”
Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction
2 POINT OF VIEW: THE POSITION OR STANCE OF THEWORK’S NARRATOR OR SPEAKER
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident
Conditions That Affect Point of View
Point of View and Opinions
Determining a Work’s Point of View
Mingling Points of View
Point of View and Verb Tense
Summary: Guidelines for Points of View
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Neighbors
SHIRLEY JACKSON The Lottery
LORRIE MOORE How to Become a Writer
JOYCE CAROL OATES The Cousins
Writing About Point of View
Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson’s Dramatic Point of View in “The Lottery”
Writing Topics About Point of View
3 CHARACTERS: THE PEOPLE IN FICTION
Character Traits
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature
Types of Characters: Round and Flat
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude
STORIES FOR STUDY
RAYMOND CARVER Cathedral
SUSAN GLASPELL A Jury of Her Peers
KATHERINE MANSFIELD Miss Brill
AMY TAN Two Kinds
MARK TWAIN Luck
Writing About Character
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers”
Writing Topics About Character
4 SETTING: THE BACKGROUND OF PLACE, OBJECTS, AND CULTURE IN STORIES
What Is Setting?
The Literary Uses of Setting
STORIES FOR STUDY
SANDRA CISNEROS The House on Mango Street
JOSEPH CONRAD The Secret Sharer
JOANNE GREENBERG And Sarah Laughed
JAMES JOYCE Araby
CYNTHIA OZICK The Shawl
Writing About Setting
Illustrative Student Essay The Setting of Conrad’s “The Secret Sharer”
Writing Topics About Setting
5 STRUCTURE: THE ORGANIZATION OF STORIES
Formal Categories of Structure
Formal and Actual Structure
STORIES FOR STUDY
RALPH ELLISON Battle Royal
THOMAS HARDY The Three Strangers
JAMAICA KINCAID What I Have Been Doing Lately
JOYCE CAROL OATES Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
TOM WHITECLOUD Blue Winds Dancing
Writing About Structure in a Story
Illustrative Student Essay: Conflict and Suspense in Hardy’s “The Three Strangers”
Writing Topics About Structure
6 TONE AND STYLE: THEWORDS THAT CONVEY ATTITUDES IN FICTION
Diction: The Writer’s Choice and Control of Words
Tone, Irony, and Style
Tone, Humor, and Style
STORIES FOR STUDY
KATE CHOPIN The Story of an Hour
WILLIAM FAULKNER Barn Burning
ERNEST HEMINGWAY Hills Like White Elephants
ALICE MUNRO The Found Boat
FRANK O’CONNOR First Confession
DANIEL OROZCO Orientation
JOHN UPDIKE A & P
Writing About Tone and Style
Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O’Connor’s Control of Tone and Style in “First Confession”
Writing Topics About Tone and Style
7 SYMBOLISM AND ALLEGORY: KEYS TO EXTENDED MEANING
Symbolism
Allegory
Fable, Parable, and Myth
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory
STORIES FOR STUDY
AESOP The Fox and the Grapes
ANONYMOUS The Myth of Atalanta
ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN Unfinished Masterpieces
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Young Goodman Brown
FRANZ KAFKA A Hunger Artist
LUKE The Parable of the Prodigal Son
GABRIEL GARCÍA MARQUEZ A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
KATHERINE ANNE PORTER The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
JOHN STEINBECK The Chrysanthemums
Writing About Symbolism and Allegory
Illustrative Student
Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter’s “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”
Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”
Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory
8 IDEA OR THEME: THE MEANING AND THE MESSAGE IN FICTION
Ideas and Assertions
Ideas and Issues
Ideas and Values
The Place of Ideas in Literature
How to Find Ideas
STORIES FOR STUDY
JAMES BALDWIN Sonny’s Blues
TONI CADE BAMBARA The Lesson
ANTON CHEKHOV The Lady with the Dog
D. H. LAWRENCE The Horse Dealer’s Daughter
AMÉRICO PAREDES The Hammon and the Beans
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction
Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence’s “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter”as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment is Essential in Life
Writing Topics About Ideas
9 A CAREER IN FICTION: FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE WITH CRITICAL READINGS FOR RESEARCH
POE’S LIFE AND CAREER
Poe’s Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction
Poe’s Reputation
Bibliographic Sources
Writing Topics About Poe
FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR A. POE (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
The Masque of the Red Death (1842)
The Black Cat (1843)
The Cask of Amontillado (1846)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe’s Stories
1. Poe’s Irony
2.The Narrators of “The Cask of Amontillado”and “The Fall of the House of Usher”
3. “The Fall of the House of Usher”
4.“The Black Cat”and “The Tell-Tale Heart”
5.“The Masque of the Red Death”
6. Symbolism in “The Masque of the Red Death”
7.“The Masque of the Red Death ”as Representative of a “Diseased Age”
8. Sources and Analogues of “The Cask of Amontillado”
9. Poe’s Idea of Unity and “The Fall of the House of Usher”
10.The Narrators of “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Black Cat”
11. Poe, Women, and “The Fall of the House of Usher”
12.The Deceptive Narrator of “The Black Cat”
10 SEVEN STORIES FOR ADDITIONAL ENJOYMENT AND STUDY
JOHN CHIOLES Before the Firing Squad
STEPHEN CRANE The Open Boat
ANDRE DUBUS The Curse
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN The Yellow Wallpaper
FLANNERY O’CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find
TILLIE OLSEN I Stand Here Ironing
PETRONIUS (GAIUS PETRONIUS ARBITER) The Widow of Ephesus
10A WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS ON FICTION
Selecting a Topic
Setting up a Bibliography
Online Library Services
Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research
Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material
Being Creative and Original While Doing Research
Documenting Your Work
Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay
Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject—and a Danger to be Overcome
Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield’s “Miss Brill”
Writing Topics About How to Undertake Research Essays
PART III
Reading and Writing About Poetry
11 MEETING POETRY: AN OVERVIEW
The Nature of Poetry
BILLY COLLINS Schoolsville
LISEL MUELLER Hope
ROBERT HERRICK Here a Pretty Baby Lies
Poetry of the English Language
How to Read a Poem
Studying Poetry
ANONYMOUS Sir Patrick Spens
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS The Mother
EMILY DICKINSON Because I Could Not Stop for Death
ROBERT FRANCIS Catch
ROBERT FROST Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening
THOMAS HARDY The Man He Killed
JOY HARJO Eagle Poem
RANDALL JARRELL The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
BEN JONSON On My First Daughter
EMMA LAZARUS The New Colossus
LOUIS MACNEICE Snow
JIM NORTHRUP Ogichidag
NAOMI SHIHAB NYE Where Children Live
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY To — [“Music, When Soft Voices Die”]
ELAINE TERRANOVA Rush Hour
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy’s “The Man He Killed”
Writing an Explication of a Poem
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy’s “The Man He Killed”
Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry
12 WORDS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF POETRY
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract
Levels of Diction
Special Types of Diction
Syntax
Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word
Denotation and Connotation
ROBERT GRAVES The Naked and the Nude
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb
ROBERT BURNS Green Grow the Rashes, O
LEWIS CARROLL Jabberwocky 663
HAYDEN CARRUTH An Apology for Using the Word “Heart” in Too Many Poems
E. E. CUMMINGS next to of course god america
JOHN DONNE Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God
RICHARD EBERHART The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
BART EDELMAN Chemistry Experiment
THOMAS GRAY Sonnet on the Death of Richard West
JANE HIRSHFIELD The Lives of the Heart
A. E. HOUSMAN Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now
CAROLYN KIZER Night Sounds
DENISE LEVERTOV Of Being
EUGENIO MONTALE English Horn (Corno Inglese)
JUDITH ORTIZ [COFER] Latin Women Pray
HENRY REED Naming of Parts
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON Richard Cory
THEODORE ROETHKE Dolor
STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great
WALLACE STEVENS Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock
MARK STRAND Eating Poetry
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)
Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry 679 • Illustrative Student
Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson’s ‘Richard Cory’
Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry
13 CHARACTERS AND SETTING: WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN IN POETRY
Characters in Poetry
ANONYMOUS Western Wind, When Wilt Thou Blow?
ANONYMOUS Bonny George Campbell
BEN JONSON Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes
BEN JONSON To the Reader
Setting and Character in Poetry
LISEL MUELLER Alive Together
POEMS FOR STUDY
MATTHEW ARNOLD Dover Beach
WILLIAM BLAKE London
ELIZABETH BREWSTER Where I Come From
ROBERT BROWNING My Last Duchess
WILLIAM COWPER The Poplar Field
ALLEN GINSBERG A Further Proposal
LOUISE GLÜCK Snowdrops
THOMAS GRAY Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
THOMAS HARDY The Ruined Maid
DORIANNE LAUX The Life of Trees
C. DAY LEWIS Song
ROBERT LOWELL Memories of West Street and Lepke
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
JOYCE CAROL OATES Loving
SIR WALTER RALEGH The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI A Christmas Carol
JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
JAMES WRIGHT A Blessing
Writing About Character and Setting in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of the Duke in Browning’s “My Last Duchess”
Writing Topics About Character and Setting in Poetry
14 IMAGERY: THE POEM’S LINK TO THE SENSES
Responses and the Writer’s Use of Detail
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes
Types of Imagery
JOHN MASEFIELD Cargoes
WILFRED OWEN Anthem for Doomed Youth
ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish
POEMS FOR STUDY
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE Kubla Khan
T. S. ELIOT Preludes
SUSAN GRIFFIN Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields
THOMAS HARDY Channel Firing
GEORGE HERBERT The Pulley
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS Spring
A. E. HOUSMAN On Wenlock Edge
DENISE LEVERTOV A Time Past
THOMAS LUX The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
EUGENIO MONTALE Buffalo (Buffalo)
MARIANNE MOORE The Fish
PABLO NERUDA Every Day You Play
EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro
MIKLÓS RADNÓTI Forced March
FRIEDRICH RÜCKERT If You Love for the Sake of Beauty
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 130: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun
JAMES TATE Dream On
DAVID WOJAHN “It’s Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It”: The Fall of Saigon
Writing About Imagery
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot’s “Preludes”
Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry
15 FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language
JOHN KEATS On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer
Vehicle and Tenor
Other Figures of Speech
JOHN KEATS Bright Star
JOHN GAY Let Us Take the Road
POEMS FOR STUDY
JACK AGÜEROS Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine
WILLIAM BLAKE The Tyger
ROBERT BURNS A Red, Red Rose
JOHN DONNE A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
JOHN DRYDEN A Song for St. Cecilia’s Day
ABBIE HUSTON EVANS The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under
THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain
JOY HARJO Remember
JOHN KEATS To Autumn
MAURICE KENNY Legacy
JANE KENYON Let Evening Come
HENRY KING Sic Vita
ROBERT LOWELL Skunk Hour
JUDITH MINTY Conjoined
PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me
MARGE PIERCY A Work of Artifice
MURIEL RUKEYSER Looking at Each Other
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought
ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I On Monsieur’s Departure
MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri
WALT WHITMAN Facing West from California’s Shores
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH London, 1802
SIR THOMAS WYATT I Find No Peace
Writing About Figures of Speech
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth’s Use of Overstatement in “London, 1802”
Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare’s Metaphors in Sonnet 30: “When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought”
Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry
16 TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY
Tone, Choice, and Response
CORNELIUS WHUR The First-Rate Wife
Tone and the Need for Control
WILFRED OWEN Dulce et Decorum Est
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent
Tone in Conversation and Poetry
Tone and Irony
THOMAS HARDY The Workbox
Tone and Satire
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram from the French
ALEXANDER POPE Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness
POEMS FOR STUDY
WILLIAM BLAKE On Another’s Sorrow
JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father’s World
LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips
BILLY COLLINS The Names
E. E. CUMMINGS she being Brand /-new
BART EDELMAN Trouble
MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman
SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break
WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY When You Are Old
DAVID IGNATOW The Bagel
YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA Facing It
ABRAHAM LINCOLN My Childhood’s Home
PAT MORA La Migra
SHARON OLDS The Planned Child
ROBERT PINSKY Dying
ALEXANDER POPE from Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue I
SALVATORE QUASÍMODO Auschwitz
ANNE RIDLER Nothing Is Lost
THEODORE ROETHKE My Papa’s Waltz
JANE SHOREA Letter Sent to Summer
JONATHAN SWIFT A Description of the Morning
DAVID WAGONER My Physics Teacher
C. K. WILLIAMS Dimensions
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS When You Are Old
Writing About Tone in Poetry
Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker’s Attitudes in Sharon Olds’s “The Planned Child”
Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry
17 PROSODY: SOUND, RHYTHM, AND RHYME IN POETRY
Important Definitions for Studying Prosody
Segments: Individually Meaningful Sounds
Poetic Rhythm
The Major Metrical Feet
Special Meters
Substitution
Accentual Strong-Stress, and “Sprung” Rhythms
The Caesura: The Pause Creating Variety and Natural Rhythms in Poetry
Segmental Poetic Devices
Rhyme: The Duplication and Similarity of Sounds
Rhyme and Meter
Rhyme Schemes
POEMS FOR STUDY
GWENDOLYN BROOKS We Real Cool
ROBERT BROWNING Porphyria’s Lover
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