Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People, to 1877, Compact Book

Maps     xviii
History through Film     xix
To the Student: Why Study History?     xx
Preface     xxii
When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe     1
Peoples in Motion     1
From Beringia to the Americas     1
Chronology     2
The Great Extinction and the Rise of Agriculture     3
The Norsemen     5
Europe and the World by the 15th Century     6
China: The Rejection of Overseas Expansion     6
Europe versus Islam     7
The Legacy of the Crusades     8
The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal     9
Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade     10
Portugal's Asian Empire     13
Early Lessons     13
Spain, Columbus, and the Americas     14
Columbus     14
Spain and the Caribbean     16
The Emergence of Complex Societies in the Americas     17
The Rise of Sedentary Cultures     17
The Andes: Cycles of Complex Cultures     19
Inca Civilization     21
Mesoamerica: Cycles of Complex Cultures     21
The Aztecs and Tenochtitlan     25
North AmericanMound Builders     26
Urban Cultures of the Southwest     23
Contact and Cultural Misunderstanding     29
Religious Dilemmas     29
War as Cultural Misunderstanding     31
Gender and Cultural Misunderstanding     31
Conquest and Catastrophe     32
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru     32
North American Conquistadores and Missionaries     34
The Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe     35
Brazil     37
Global Colossus, Global Economy     37
Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and Resistance     39
Conclusion     41
The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America     43
The Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain     43
Chronology     44
New France     45
Early French Explorers     45
Missions and Furs     46
New France under Louis XIV     47
The Dutch and Swedish Settlements     49
History Through Film Black Robe     50
The East and West India Companies     51
New Netherland as a Pluralistic Society     52
Swedish and English Encroachments      52
The Challenge from Elizabethan England     53
The English Reformation     53
Hawkins and Drake     54
Gilbert, Ireland, and America     54
Ralegh, Roanoke, and War with Spain     55
The Swarming of the English     56
The Chesapeake and West Indian Colonies     58
The Jamestown Disaster     58
Reorganization, Reform, and Crisis     59
Tobacco, Servants, and Survival     60
Maryland     62
Chesapeake Family Life     63
The West Indies and the Transition to Slavery     65
The Rise of Slavery in North America     66
The New England Colonies     68
The Pilgrims and Plymouth     68
Covenant Theology     69
Massachusetts Bay     70
Puritan Family Life     71
Conversion, Dissent, and Expansion     71
Congregations, Towns, and Colony Governments     73
Infant Baptism and New Dissent     74
The English Civil Wars     75
The First Restoration Colonies     76
Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal     77
New York: An Experiment in Absolutism     79
Brotherly Love: The Quakers and America     82
Quaker Beliefs     82
Quaker Families     84
West New Jersey     84
Pennsylvania     85
Conclusion     88
England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty, and Expansion     90
The Atlantic Prism and the Spectrum of Settlement     90
Chronology     91
Demographic Differences     92
Race, Ethnicity, and Economy     92
Religion and Education     95
Local and Provincial Governments     95
Unifying Trends: Language, War, Law, and Inheritance     96
The Beginnings of Empire     96
Upheaval in America: The Critical 1640s     97
Mercantilism as a Moral Revolution     98
The First Navigation Act     99
Restoration Navigation Acts     100
Indians, Settlers, Upheaval     101
Indian Strategies of Survival     101
Puritan Indian Missions     102
Metacom's (or King Philip's) War     104
Virginia's Indian War     106
Bacon's Rebellion     107
Crisis in England and the Redefinition of Empire     109
The Popish Plot, the Exclusion Crisis, and the Rise of Party      110
The Lords of Trade and Imperial Reform     110
The Dominion of New England     113
The Glorious Revolution     114
The Glorious Revolution in America     114
The English Response     115
The Salem Witch Trials     116
The Completion of Empire     117
Imperial Federalism     118
The Mixed and Balanced Constitution     119
Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America     121
The Pueblo Revolt     121
New France and the Middle Ground     122
French Louisiana and Spanish Texas     124
An Empire of Settlement: The British Colonies     125
The Engine of British Expansion: The Colonial Household     125
The Voluntaristic Ethic and Public Life     127
Three Warring Empires, 1689-1716     127
Conclusion     130
Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent     133
Expansion versus Anglicization     133
Chronology     134
Threats to Householder Autonomy     135
Anglicizing the Role of Women     136
Expansion, Immigration, and Regional Differentiation     137
Emergence of the Old South      137
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies: The "Best Poor Man's Country"     140
The Backcountry     141
New England: A Faltering Economy and Paper Money     142
Anglicizing Provincial America     144
The World of Print     145
The Enlightenment in America     147
Lawyers and Doctors     147
Georgia: The Failure of an Enlightenment Utopia     148
The Great Awakening     150
Origins of the Revivals     150
Whitefield Launches the Transatlantic Revival     151
Disruptions     152
Long-Term Consequences of the Revivals     153
New Colleges     154
The Denominational Realignment     154
Political Culture in the Colonies     155
The Rise of the Assembly and the Governor     155
"Country" Constitutions: The Southern Colonies     156
"Court" Constitutions: The Northern Colonies     157
The Renewal of Imperial Conflict     158
Challenges to French Power     158
The Danger of Slave Revolts and War with Spain     160
France versus Britain: King George's War     164
The Impending Storm     164
The War for North America     157
The Albany Congress and the Onset of War     167
History Through Film the War That Made America     168
Britain's Years of Defeat     170
A World War     173
Imperial Tensions: From Loudoun to Pitt     174
The Years of British Victory     175
The Cherokee War and Spanish Intervention     178
The Peace of Paris     179
Conclusion     179
Reform, Resistance, Revolution     181
Imperial Reform     181
From Pitt to Grenville     181
Chronology     182
Indian Policy and Pontiac's War     183
The Sugar Act     185
The Currency Act and the Quartering Act     186
The Stamp Act     186
The Stamp Act Crisis     187
Nullification     188
Repeal     189
The Townshend Crisis     191
The Townshend Program     192
Resistance: The Politics of Escalation     193
An Experiment in Military Coercion     195
The Wilkes Crisis     196
The Boston Massacre     197
Partial Repeal     198
Disaffection     199
Internal Cleavages: The Contagion of Liberty      201
The Feudal Revival and Rural Discontent     201
The Regulator Movements in the Carolinas     203
Slaves and Women     205
The last Imperial Crisis     208
The Tea Crisis     208
Britain's Response: The Coercive Acts     210
The Radical Explosion     210
The First Continental Congress     213
Toward War     213
The Improvised War     214
The Second Continental Congress     215
War and Legitimacy, 1775-1776     217
Independence     217
Conclusion     219
The Revolutionary Republic     221
Chronology     222
Hearts and Minds: The Northern War, 1776-1777     222
The British Offensive     222
The Trenton-Princeton Campaign     224
The Campaigns of 1777 and Foreign Intervention     225
The Loss of Philadelphia     225
History Through Film Mary Silliman's War     227
Saratoga     228
French Intervention     228
Spanish Expansion and Intervention     229
The Reconstitution of Authority     230
John Adams and the Separation of Powers      230
The Virginia Constitution     231
The Pennsylvania Constitution     232
Massachusetts Redefines Constitutionalism     233
Confederation     235
The Crisis of the Revolution, 1779-1783     236
The Loyalists     237
Loyalist Refugees, Black and White     237
The Indian Struggle for Unity and Survival     238
Attrition     239
The British Offensive in the South     241
The Partisan War     244
Mutiny and Reform     246
From the Ravaging of Virginia to Yorktown and Peace     247
A Revolutionary Society     250
Religious Transformations     250
The First Emancipation     251
The Challenge to Patriarchy     252
Western Expansion, Discontent, and Conflict with Indians     253
The Northwest Ordinance     254
A More Perfect Union     256
Commerce, Debt, and Shays's Rebellion     257
Cosmopolitans versus Localists     257
The Philadelphia Convention     259
Ratification     261
Conclusion     263
Completing the Revolution, 1789-1815     265
Establishing the National Government      265
Chronology     266
The "Republican Court"     266
The First Congress     257
Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt     268
Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank and the Excise     270
The Rise of Opposition     270
Jefferson versus Hamilton     271
The Republic in a World at War, 1793-1797     272
Americans and the French Revolution     272
Citizen Genet     273
Western Troubles: The Whiskey Rebellion     274
Western Troubles: Indians     275
The Jay Treaty     275
Washington's Farewell     277
The Election of 1796     277
Troubles with France, 1796-1800     279
The Crisis at Home, 1798-1800     280
The Politicians and the Army     281
The Election of 1800     282
The Jeffersonians in Power     283
The Republican Program     284
Cleansing the Government     285
The Jeffersonians and the Courts     287
The Impeachments of Pickering and Chase     287
Justice Marshall's Court     288
Louisiana     289
Lewis and Clark     291
The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, 1804-1815     293
The Dilemmas of Neutrality     293
Trouble on the High Seas     294
Embargo     295
The Road to War     296
The War Hawk Congress, 1811-1812     297
American Strategy in 1812     298
The Rise of Tecumseh     299
The War with Canada, 1812-1813     301
Tecumseh's Last Stand     301
The British Offensive, 1814     303
The Hartford Convention     304
The Treaty of Ghent     305
Conclusion     305
Northern Transformations, 1790-1850 307
Chronology     308
Postcolonial Society, 1790-1815     308
Farms     308
Neighborhoods     311
Standards of Living     312
Inheritance     312
The Seaport Cities     313
From Backcountry to Frontier: The Northwest     316
The Backcountry, 1790-1815     316
Settlement     317
The Decline of Patriarchy     318
Paternal Power in Decline     318
The Alcoholic Republic     319
Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860     320
Transportation in 1815      320
Improvements     321
Time and Money     323
Markets and Regions     324
Northeastern Farms, 1815-1860     325
The Northwest     327
Southern Settlers     327
Northern Farmers     328
Farm Families     329
Households     329
Neighborhoods     331
The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution     332
Factory Towns: The Rhode Island System     333
Factory Towns: The Waltham System     334
Cities     335
Metropolitan Industrialization     337
History Through Film a Midwife's Tale     338
Conclusion     340
The Old South, 1790-1850     341
Old Farms: The Southeast     341
The Chesapeake, 1790-1820     341
Race, Gender, and Chesapeake Labor     342
Chronology     342
Flirting with Emancipation     344
The Lowcountry, 1790-1820     344
The Task System     345
New Farms: The Rise of the Deep South     346
The Rise of the Cotton Belt     346
The Interstate Slave Trade     348
Cotton and Slave Labor      350
Mastery as a Way of Life     353
Southern Families     354
The Southern Yeomanry     355
Yeomen and Planters     355
Yeoman Neighborhoods     357
The Private Lives of Slaves     359
Slave Families     359
The Slave Trade and the Slave Family     361
The Beginnings of African American Christianity in the Chesapeake     362
Slave Theology     363
Religion and Revolt     364
Gabriel's Rebellion     365
Denmark Vesey     366
Nat Turner     367
A Balance Sheet: The Plantation and Southern Growth     368
History Through Film Beloved     369
Conclusion     371
Toward an American Culture     373
The Democratization of Culture     373
Chronology     374
A Revolution in Print     374
The Northern Middle Class     375
A New Middle Class     376
The Evangelical Base     376
Domesticity     378
Sentimentality     379
The Plain People of the North     381
The Decline of the Established Churches     381
The Rise of the Democratic Sects     382
The Providential Worldview     384
Popular Millennialism     385
Family and Society     387
The Prophet Joseph Smith     387
A New Popular Culture     388
Blood Sports     389
Boxing     390
An American Theater     391
Minstrelsy     392
Novels and the Penny Press     393
Family, Church, and Neighborhood: The White South     395
The Beginnings of the Bible Belt     396
Slavery and Southern Evangelicals     397
Gender, Power, and the Evangelicals     397
Religious Conservatism     398
Pro-Slavery Christianity     399
The Mission to the Slaves     400
Southern Entertainments     401
Race     402
Free Blacks     402
The Beginnings of Modern Racism     404
Citizenship     407
Conclusion     409
Democrats and Whigs     411
The American System     411
Chronology     412
National Republicans     413
Commerce and the Law     415
1819     417
The Argument over Missouri     417
The Missouri Compromise     418
The Panic of 1819     419
Republican Revival     420
Martin Van Buren Leads the Way     420
The Election of 1824     421
"A Corrupt Bargain"     422
Jacksonian Melodrama     424
Adams versus Jackson     425
Nationalism in an International Arena     425
Nationalism at Home     425
The Birth of the Democratic Party     426
The Election of 1828     427
A People's Inauguration     428
The Spoils System     429
Jacksonian Democracy and the South     430
History Through Film Amistad     431
Southerners and Indians     432
Indian Removal     432
Southerners and the Tariff     433
Nullification     434
The "Petticoat Wars"     436
The Fall of Calhoun     438
Petitions, the Gag Rule, and the Southern Mails     438
Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution     440
The Second Bank of the United States     441
The Bank War     441
The Beginnings of the Whig Party     443
A Balanced Budget     444
The Second American Party System     446
"Martin Van Ruin"     446
The Election of 1840     448
Two Parties     449
Conclusion     451
Whigs, Democrats, and the Shaping of Society     453
Constituencies     453
The North and West     454
Chronology     454
The South     456
The Politics of Economic Development     457
Government and Its Limits     457
Banks     458
Internal Improvements     460
The Politics of Social Reform     461
Public Schools     462
Ethnicity, Religion, and the Schools     463
Prisons     464
Asylums     465
The South and Social Reform     465
Excursus: The Politics of Alcohol     467
Ardent Spirits     467
The Origins of Prohibition     469
The Democratization of Temperance     470
Temperance Schisms     471
Ethnicity and Alcohol     472
The Politics of Race     473
Democratic Racism     474
Abolitionists    &n