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Foreword iii
Acknowledgments v
Preface xiii
Table A Selected Acronyms and Contractions xv
Table B Chronology of Important Events xxiii
Table C Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors xxix
Country Profile xxxi
Introduction xxxix
Chapter 1 Historical Setting William H. Frederick 1
Origins 4
Early Inhabitation 4
Social and Cultural Developments 5
Expanding Networks 6
Early Hegemonies 7
The Earliest Historical Records 7
Srivijaya and Mataram 8
The Rise and Fall of Majapahit 12
Successor Kingdoms of Java 12
Founding and Growth of Majapahit, 1268-1389 14
Outside Influences 16
The Early Modern Era 18
Commercial Developments 18
Westerners and Indigenous Powers 19
The Role of the Dutch United East Indies Company, 1602-19 23
The Javanese and the VOC, 1619-1749 24
Decline of the VOC, 1749-1816 27
Development of European Colonial Rule 30
End of the Ancien RĂ©gime in Java, 1816-34 30
Establishment of the Colonial State 33
The Cultivation System 34
The Ethical Policy 38
The Racial Issue 39
Modernism and Nationalism in the Colonial Age 41
The Rise of Education and Student Associations, 1900-1920 41
Formation of Political Parties, 1911-27 44
The Rise of Sukarno, 1921-26 46
Colonial Government Reactions, 1927-40 47
War and Early Independence 49
The Japanese Occupation, 1942-45 49
The National Revolution, 1945-49 54
The Road to Guided Democracy, 1950-65 60
The "Coup" and Its Aftermath, 1965-66 69
Contemporary Indonesia 72
Rise of the New Order, 1966-85 72
Decline and Fall of the New Order, 1985-98 83
Reformasi and the Post-New Order Era, 1998-2009 85
Chapter 2 The Society and Its Environment Joel C. Kuipers 95
The Geographic Context 98
Geographic Regions 98
Volcanoes and Earthquakes 99
Climate 102
Environmental Concerns 104
National Territory: Rights, Responsibilities, and Challenges 105
Emerging Dynamics of Indonesian Communities 107
Population 107
Family 109
National, Religious, and Local Authority 110
Urbanization and Decentralization 111
Migration 112
Social Class 114
Civil Society 115
Violence, Vengeance, and Law 117
Religion and World View 118
Islam 118
Christianity 121
Hinduism 123
Buddhism 125
Confucianism and Daoism 126
The Emerging National Culture 126
Living Environments 126
Language 128
Food, Clothing, and Popular Culture 129
Sources of Local Identification 130
Tradition and Multiethnicity 130
Javanese 132
Balinese 137
Peoples of Sumatra 139
Ethnic Minorities 142
Education 150
Primary and Secondary Education 150
Islamic Schools 153
Higher Education 154
Health 156
Services and Infrastructure 156
Government Support 158
Traditional and Modern Health Practices 159
Major Health Problems 159
Pharmaceuticals 160
Public Sanitation 161
Society's Prospects 161
Chapter 3 The Economy J. Thomas Lindblad 163
The Role of Government 166
The Political Economy of Reform 167
Financial Reform 169
Industrial and Trade Reform 172
Crisis Management 174
Postcrisis Reform 177
Government Finance 180
Central Government Budget 180
Decentralization 183
Monetary and Exchange-Rate Policy 185
Indonesia in the Global Economy 188
The Changing Nature of Trade and Aid 188
Principal Trade Relationships 191
Employment and Income 192
Agriculture 197
Food Crops 198
Export Crops 199
Livestock 202
Fishing and Forestry 202
Industry 205
Foreign Inputs 206
Small-Scale Industry 209
Minerals 210
Petroleum and Natural Gas 210
Other Minerals 212
Services and Infrastructure 214
Transportation 215
Post and Telecommunications 219
Electric Power 220
Economic Prospects 221
Chapter 4 Government and Politics Blair A. King 225
The Political Debate 229
The Constitutional Framework 231
The Structure of Government 234
Legislative Bodies 235
The Executive 241
The Judiciary 244
Independent Bodies 246
Local Government 247
Political Culture 253
Inclusionary Coalitions 254
Consensus-Based Decision Making 256
Traditional Political Culture 257
Islamic Political Culture 258
Pancasila: The State Ideology 260
The Political Process 262
The Multiparty System: Significant Pluralism 263
Secular Nationalist Parties 264
Muslim Parties 268
Islamist Parties 271
Elections 275
Political Dynamics 279
The Media 286
Foreign Policy 288
Political Considerations 288
Participation in ASEAN 290
Relations with Neighboring Nations 295
Relations with East Asia 301
Relations with the United States 303
Consolidating Democracy, Contributing to Global Peace 305
Chapter 5 National Security John B. Haseman 307
Historical Context 312
Independence and the Sukarno Period, 1945-65 312
Suharto's New Order, 1966-98 315
Post-Suharto Reforms 319
East Timor 321
Separatist Rebellions 323
Ethnic and Religious Conflict 328
Terrorism 329
The Armed Forces in National Life 330
Political and Administrative Role 332
Participation in the Economy 332
Total People's Defense 334
Defense Spending and the Defense Industry 335
Personnel 338
Organization and Equipment of the Armed Forces 339
Administrative and Command Structure 339
Military Education 343
Branches of Service 344
Conditions of Service 349
Women in the Armed Forces 349
Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia 350
Foreign Military Relations 350
Security and Intelligence Agencies 354
The National Police 355
The Criminal Justice System 358
Crime and Political Offenses 359
Criminal Law and Proceedings 359
Administration of Criminal Justice 360
Penal System 362
Narcotics and Counternarcotics Operations 363
National Security in the Contemporary Era 363
Bibliography 367
Glossary 405
Index 413
Contributors 437
Published Country Studies 439
List of Figures
1 Administrative Divisions of Indonesia, 2009 xxxviii
2 Sumatra and Java from the Seventh Century to the Eleventh Century 10
3 The Eastern Archipelago in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 20
4 Dutch Expansion in Java, 1619-1830 28
5 Sulawesi in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 32
6 Topography and Drainage 100
7 Age-Sex Ratio, 2009, and Projected Ratio, 2029 108
8 Major Crop Production, 2009 200
9 Selected Industrial Activity, 2009 208
10 Major Transportation Facilities, 2009 218
11 Structure of the Government, 2009 236
12 Organization of the Department of Defense, 2009 320
13 Organization of the Armed Forces, 2009 340
14 Army Territorial Structure, 2009 342
15 Navy Fleet Commands, 2009 348
16 Air Force Operations Commands, 2009 348
17 Officer Ranks and Insignia, 2009 351
18 Enlisted Ranks and Insignia, 2009 353
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