Hurting the One You Love: Violence in Relationships Book

Chapter 1	Aggression in Everyday Life	1
	What Is Aggression?	1
	Violent and Nonviolent Aggression	4
	Types of Violence in Relationships	5
	Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression	6
	Beliefs About Which Is the More Violent Sex	6
	Societal Expectations for When People Should Be Aggressive	6
	Gender Differences in Everyday Aggressive Behavior	8
	Statistics on Criminal Violence	9
	Gender Differences in Criminal Behavior	10
	Victims of Criminal Violence	11
	Violence From Strangers and Those We Know	12
	Fear of Crime, Especially Violent Crime	14
	Research on Victims of Violence and Those Who Are Aggressive	15
	Methodology in Violence Research	15
	Samples Used in Violence Research	19
	Summary	20
	Study Questions	20
	Related Web Sites	21
Chapter 2	Understanding Violence and Aggression: The Environment and Learning	22
	Psychological Research on Aggression	22
	Frustration and Aggression	22
	Pain, Frustration, and Aggression	23
	Environmental Disasters	23
	Unpleasant Environmental Conditions	23
	Psychological Frustration and Stress	26
	Situations in Which Frustration Does Not Lead to Aggression	27
	Arousal and Violence	27
	Alcohol and Aggression	29
	Other Forms of Arousal and Aggression	32
	Women and Men as Targets of Aggression	33
	Learning of Aggression	34
	Conditioning and Rewards for Aggressiveness	34
	Observational Learning	36
	Television and Films as a Source of Models for Aggression	36
	Aggression in Other Media	40
	Effects of Pornography	42
	Gender Socialization	42
	Other Ways of Learning to Be Aggressive	43
	Unlearning of Aggression	43
	Training for Nonaggressive Reactions to Conflict	45
	Summary	45
	Study Questions	46
	Related Web Sites	46
Chapter 3	Understanding Violence and Aggression: Biological Factors in Aggression and the Aggressive Personality	48
	Genetic Influences on Aggressiveness	48
	Finding Genetic Influences by Studying Twins	51
	Genetic Influences on Related Personality Characteristics	53
	Testosterone and Aggressiveness	54
	The Sex Hormones	54
	Testosterone and Sexual Feelings	56
	Testosterone and Male Aggression	56
	Testosterone and the Environment	57
	Treatment of Violent Sex Offenders by Removal of Testosterone	58
	Female Sex Hormones and Testosterone	59
	Testosterone and Dominance in Women	61
	Other Correlates of Testosterone in Women and Men	61
	Complications in Interpreting the Effects of Testosterone	63
	The Aggressive Personality	63
	"Normal" Aggression	63
	Highly Aggressive Individuals	64
	The Aggressive Personality in Children	64
	Adult and Childhood Violence Are Not Always Related	66
	Motivations for Aggression in Adults	67
	Nonviolent Personality	69
	Summary	71
	Study Questions	72
	Related Web Sites	72
Chapter 4	Reactions to Victimization	73
	Posttraumatic Stress Reactions	74
	Events Producing Posttraumatic Stress Reactions	75
	Predicting the Severity of Reactions to Trauma	76
	Reactions to the Traumatic Event and to Fears of Future Victimization	78
	Coping Responses	79
	Escape and Emotional Withdrawal From What Happened	80
	Isolation and Social Withdrawal	81
	Problem Solving or Taking Action to Change the Situation	81
	Fighting Back as a Form of Coping	83
	Feeling Control Over One's Life	84
	Helping Others to Feel Powerful and in Control	85
	Self-Blame and Information Seeking	85
	Redefining the Event	87
	Focusing on the Positive	89
	Seeking Help From Others	89
	Futile Help Seeking	90
	Positive Forms of Help From Others	91
	Formal Psychological Help: Treatment After Psychological Trauma	92
	Help from the Police and Social Agencies	93
	Effectiveness of Different Coping Strategies	93
	Summary	94
	Study Questions	95
	Related Web Sites	95
Chapter 5	Battered Women and Intimate Terrorism	96
	Societal Attitudes About Marital Violence	96
	Research on Battered Women	97
	Battered Wives and Severe Violence	98
	Overview of the Development of Intimate Terrorism	98
	Reasons Battered Women Stay and Leave	103
	Reactions to Severe Intimate Partner Violence	104
	Motives for Intimate Terrorism	106
	Getting Help From Others	109
	Help From Friends and Family	109
	Other Sources of Help	110
	Battered Women's Shelters	111
	Formal Counseling Programs	112
	Summary	114
	Study Questions	115
	Related Web Sites	115
Chapter 6	Reexamining Intimate Partner Violence	116
	Assumptions Held by Researchers About Intimate Partner Violence	116
	How Common Is Male and Female Violence in Intimate Relationships?	119
	Studies of Marital Violence	119
	Studies of Dating Violence	121
	Violence in Same-Sex Relationships	124
	"Common" Couple Violence	124
	Characteristics of Mutually Violent Relationships	126
	Motives for Relationship Violence	126
	Responses to Partner Violence	130
	Female Violence Only	134
	Empirical Research Comparing Types of Violent Marriages	136
	Comparing Violent and Nonviolent Relationships	138
	Summary	139
	Study Questions	140
	Related Web Sites	141
Chapter 7	Rape and Sexual Assault	142
	What Is Rape?	142
	Formal Definitions of Rape	142
	Victim Definitions of Rape	144
	Gender Differences in Rape Definitions	145
	Societal Attitudes About Rape	145
	Beliefs About Male and Female Sexuality Within Christian Beliefs	145
	Other Predictors of Belief in Rape Myths	147
	How Often Does Rape Occur?	148
	Community Samples	148
	Female College Students	150
	Comparing Stranger Sexual Assault and "Acquaintance" Sexual Assault	151
	Forced Sex as a Form of Relationship Violence	152
	Violence and Forced Sex in Marriages: Marital Rape	153
	Unwanted Sex in Unmarried Women and Men	154
	Reactions to Rape or Rape Attempts	158
	Immediate Reactions to Rape Attempts	158
	Long-Term Reactions to Rapes	159
	Other Effects of Rape	160
	Help Seeking in Rape Victims	161
	Police and the Legal System	161
	Professional Counseling	162
	Motives for Rape: Who Are the Rapists?	163
	Investigations of the Idea That Rape Is Normative	163
	Specific Attitudes and Personality Factors That Predict Rape in Males	164
	Multiple Types of Male Rapists?	167
	Motives of Sexually Aggressive Women	167
	Forced Sex May Not Always Be Unwanted	168
	Summary	170
	Study Questions	171
	Related Web Sites	171
Chapter 8	Child Abuse, Incest, and Learning to Be Violent	172
	Defining Physical and Sexual Child Abuse	172
	How Common Is Child Abuse?	173
	Spanking and Physical Punishment	173
	Finding Out About Serious Forms of Physical Punishment or Sexual Abuse	175
	Statistics on Physical Child Abuse	176
	Change in Statistics on Child Abuse	177
	Characteristics of Physically Abusive Parents	177
	Beliefs That Their Children Are Hostile	178
	Parental Stress and Child Abuse	178
	Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse	178
	Other Characteristics of Abusive Parents	179
	Consequences for the Child of Physical Abuse by Parents	180
	Direct Effects of Physical Abuse on the Child	180
	Observation of Adult Violence	181
	Delinquency and Criminal Behavior	181
	Effects of Negative Childhood Experiences on the Tendency to Rape	182
	Lack of Parental Attention	183
	The Cycle of Violence: Abused Children Grow Up to Be Violent Spouses	183
	Not All Abused Children Become Abusive as Adults	185
	Incest and Sexual Abuse of Children	186
	Prevalence of Child Sex Abuse and Incest	188
	Memory of Child Sexual Experiences	189
	Father-Child Sexual Contact	191
	Effects of Child Sex Experiences: Long-Term Psychological Reactions	191
	Studies of Child Sex Experiences in Females	193
	Studies of Child Sex Experiences in Males	194
	Problems in Research on Abuse of Children	196
	Summary	196
	Study Questions	197
	Related Web Sites	198
Chapter 9	Summing Up	199
	The Need for More Theoretical Context for Studies of Intimate Partner Violence	200
	Reassessing Gender Differences in Aggression	201
	Feminism and Beliefs About Male Aggression	202
	Understanding Female Violence and Aggression	203
	Are Overall Levels of Violence Decreasing?	204
	Stopping Violence	204
	Raising Nonviolent Children	204
	Rape Prevention Programs	205
	Treatment of Sex Offenders	206
	What Is Nonviolence?	206
	Conclusion	206
	Study Questions	206
	Related Web Sites	207
Appendix	Case Studies	208
	References	228
	Name Index	258
	Subject Index	267