Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and Controlled Auto Ignition (CAI) Engines for the Automotive Industry Book

PART 1 OVERVIEW

Motivation, definition, and history of HCCI/CAI engines

H Zhao, Brunel University, UK
• Introduction
• Current automotive engines and technologies
• Historical background of HCCI/CAI type combustion engines
• Principle of HCCI/CAI combustion engines
• Definition of HCCI and CAI combustion engines
• Summary
• References

PART 2 GASOLINE HCCI/CAI COMBUSTION ENGINES

Overview of CAI/HCCI gasoline engines

H Zhao, Brunel University, UK
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of CAI/HCCI gasoline engines
• Effects of use of exhaust gases as diluents
• Approaches to CAI/HCCI operation in gasoline engines
• Summary
• References

Two-stroke CAI engines

P Duret, IFP, France

- Introduction
• Principles of the two-stroke CAI combustion
• How to control the two-stroke CAI combustion
• The potential application of the two-stroke CAI combustion
• Future trends
• Sources of further information and advice
• References

Four-stroke gasoline HCCI engines with thermal management

J Yang, USA
• Introduction
• The optimized kinetic process (OKP) HCCI engine
• Strengths and weaknesses
• Future trends
• Sources of further information and advice
• References

Four-stroke CAI engines with residual gas trapping

H Zhao, Brunel University, UK
• Introduction
• Principle of CAI operation with residual gas trapping
• CAI operation in a four-stroke port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline engine
• Effect of direct injection on CAI combustion in the four-stroke gasoline engine
• Effect of spark ignition on CAI combustion in the four-stroke gasoline engine
• Summary
• References

Four-stroke CAI engines with internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

A Fürhapter, AVL, Austria

- Introduction
• Principle of CAI with internal EGR
• Engine concepts and layout
• Thermodynamic results and analysis of CAI with internal EGR
• Transient operation with CAI and internal EGR
• Future trends
• Sources of further information and advice
• References

HCCI control

P Tunestål and B Johansson, Lund University, Sweden
• Introduction
• Control means
• Combustion timing sensors
• Methods
• Summary and future trends
• References

CAI control and CAI/SI switching

N Milovanovic and J Turner, Lotus Engineering, UK
• Introduction about requirements for the control of the CAI engine
• Problems in controlling the CAI engine
• Transition between operating modes (CAI–SI–CAI)
• The ‘mixed mode’ CAI–SI engine in operation: presentation and discussion of the experimental results obtained
• Summary
• References

Fuel effects in CAI gasoline engines

G T Kalghatgi, Shell Global Solutions, UK
• Introduction
• Practical transport fuels
• Auto-ignition quality of fuels
• The octane index and the K value
• The auto-ignition requirement of an HCCI engine and fuel effects in combustion phasing
• Combustion limits
• IMEP and indicated efficiency
• Other approaches to characterizing fuel performance in HCCI engines
• Fuel requirements of HCCI engines
• Summary
• References
• Appendix – HCCI predictor

PART 3 DIESEL HCCI COMBUSTION ENGINES

Overview of HCCI diesel engines

J V Pastor, J M Luján, S Molina and J M García, CMT-Motores Térmicos, Spain
• Introduction
• Conventional diesel combustion
• Fundamentals of HCCI combustion
• Overview of diesel HCCI engines
• Summary
• References

HCCI combustion with early and multiple injection in the heavy-duty diesel engine

Y Aoyagi, NEW ACE, Japan
• Introduction
• Experimental apparatus
• Early injection HCCI (PREDIC) by low cetane fuel
• Multiple injections HCCI by low cetane fuel (two-stage combustion, MULDIC)
• HCCI for normal cetane fuel
• Summary
• Acknowledgements
• Nomenclature
• References

Narrow angle direct injection (NADITM) concept for HCCI diesel combustion

B Gatellier, IFP, France
• Introduction
• The NADITM concept overview
• First results and limitations
• Development of the concept
• Evaluation of the concept in a multi-cylinder engine
• Future trends
• References

Low-temperature and premixed combustion concept with late injection

S Kimura, Nissan Motor Company, Japan
• Introduction
• Basic concept of low-temperature and premixed combustion
• Characteristics of combustion and exhaust emissions with modulated kinetics (MK) combustion
• Second generation MK combustion
• Emission performance improvement of second generation MK combustion
• Future trends
• References

HCCI fuel requirements

T W Ryan III, SWR, USA
• Introduction
• Background
• Diesel fuel HCCI
• HCCI fuel ignition quality
• Gasoline HCCI
• HCCI fuel specification
• Fundamental fuel factors
• Future trends
• References

PART 4 HCCI/CAI COMBUSTION ENGINES WITH ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Natural gas HCCI engines

N Iida, KEIO University, Japan
• CNG HCCI engine experiment and calculation conditions
• CNG composition
• Influence of equivalence ratio
• Auto-ignition timing and combustion duration
• Auto-ignition temperature and auto-ignition pressure
• Exhaust emission, maximum cycle temperature and combustion efficiency
• Influence of n-butane on auto-ignition and combustion in methane/n-butane/air mixtures
• Summary of naturally aspirated natural gas HCCI engine
• Supercharged natural gas HCCI engine setup and experiments
• Performance and Exhaust gas characteristics at a compression ratio of 17
• Performance and emission characteristics at a compression ratio of 21
• Potential of natural gas turbocharged HCCI engines
• Summary
• References

HCCI engines with other fuels

N Iida, KEIO University, Japan
• Characterization of DME
• DME HCCI engine
• DME chemical reaction model
• Combustion completeness in the DME HCCI engine
• Combustion control system for a small DME HCCI engine
• Method of combining DME and other fuels
• Reducing pressure rise rate by introducing ‘unmixed-ness’ of DME/air mixture
• Summary
• References

PART 5 ADVANCES MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Auto-ignition and chemical kinetic mechanisms of HCCI combustion

C K Westbrook and W J Pitz, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA and H J Curran, National University of Ireland, Ireland

- Introduction
• Kinetics of auto-ignition
• Reaction types
• Temperature regimes of auto-ignition
• Illustrations of auto-ignition in the rapid compression machine
• Kinetic models for HCCI ignition
• Summary
• References

Overview of modeling techniques and their application to HCCI/CAI engines

S M Aceves, D L Flowers, R W Dibble and A Babajimopoulos, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of HCCI ignition and combustion
• The chemistry of HCCI
• Prediction of ignition in HCCI engines
• Detailed calculation of HCCI combustion and emissions
• Prediction of operating range
• Summary and future trends
• References

Overview of advanced optical techniques and their applications to HCCI/CAI engines

M Richter, Lund University, Sweden
• Introduction
• Diagnostic approaches
• Spectroscopic environment
• Chemiluminescence imaging
• Laser induced fluorescence
• Thermographic phosphors
• Future trends
• References

PART 6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR CAI/HCCI ENGINES

Outlook and future directions in HCCI/CAI engines

H Zhao, Brunel University, UK