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List of Illustrations | ix | |
Philosopher's Foreword | xiii | |
Physician's Foreword | xv | |
A Word From the Authors | xix | |
Reader's Bookshelf | xxiii | |
Part 1 | Theory and Methodological Foundations | |
Chapter 1 | From Philosophy to Logic, From Logic to Medicine: Fundamental Definitions and Objectives of this Book | 3 |
1.1 | Why Are Logic and Critical Thinking Needed in Our Practice, Research, and Communication? Why Read This Book? | 5 |
1.2 | Medicine as Art and Science | 8 |
1.3 | Philosophy in Medicine or Philosophy of Medicine? | 9 |
1.4 | Philosophy of Science, Scientific Method, Evidence, and Evidence-based Medicine | 13 |
1.5 | Thinking, Logic, Reasoning, and Critical Thinking | 15 |
1.6 | Where in Medicine May We Find Practical Applications and Practical Uses of Philosophy, Logic, and Critical Thinking and Their Expected Benefits? | 17 |
References | 19 | |
Chapter 2 | Logic in a Nutshell I: Reasoning and Underlying Concepts: What Is Required? Does It Make Sense? | 23 |
2.1 | A Brief Historical Note | 25 |
2.2 | Logic in General and Logic in Medicine | 26 |
2.3 | Reasoning and Arguments | 28 |
2.4 | Components and Architecture of Reasoning and Arguments: What Is Required? | 29 |
2.4.1 | Classical layout of arguments: premises and conclusions | 29 |
2.4.2 | Toulmin's modern scheme for layout of arguments | 31 |
2.4.3 | Reconstructing arguments from the natural language of daily life | 36 |
2.5 | Evaluation of Reasoning and Argument: Does It Make Sense? | 41 |
2.5.1 | Criteria for good reasoning | 41 |
2.5.2 | Sources of justified premises | 46 |
2.5.3 | Criteria for good arguments and good argumentation | 49 |
2.6 | Fallacies: Definition, Classification, and Examples | 52 |
2.6.1 | Definition of a fallacy | 52 |
2.6.2 | Classification of fallacies | 53 |
2.6.3 | Examples of fallacies | 55 |
2.7 | Conclusions | 56 |
References | 56 | |
Chapter 3 | Logic in a Nutshell II: Types of Reasoning and Arguments: How Can We Reason and Argue Better? | 61 |
3.1 | Deduction, Induction, and Abduction | 63 |
3.2 | Classical Aristotelian Logic | 68 |
3.2.1 | Testing categorical syllogisms by diagramming | 70 |
3.2.2 | Syllogisms in everyday communication | 76 |
3.3 | Contemporary Logic | 78 |
3.4 | Historical Note on Indian Logic | 78 |
3.5 | Uncertainty and Probability in Medicine | 79 |
3.6 | Chaos Theory in Medicine | 82 |
3.7 | Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic | 83 |
3.7.1 | Distinction between fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory | 83 |
3.7.2 | Paradigm of fuzziness in medicine | 84 |
3.7.3 | Essentials of fuzzy reasoning in fuzzy logic | 87 |
3.8 | Conclusions: Implications of Logic for Medicine | 89 |
References | 93 | |
Chapter 4 | Critical Thinking in a Nutshell: What Is "Critical" and What Is Not? | 99 |
4.1 | Definition of Critical Thinking | 101 |
4.2 | A Checklist for Critical Thinking | 109 |
4.2.1 | Problem identification and analysis: What's in focus? | 110 |
4.2.2 | Clarification of meaning: What kind of study for what kind of question? What does this mean? | 111 |
4.2.3 | Gathering evidence: What basic relevant information can we obtain? | 112 |
4.2.4 | Assessing evidence: How good is our basic information? | 112 |
4.2.5 | Inferring conclusions: What follows? | 114 |
4.2.6 | Other considerations: What else is relevant to the problem? | 114 |
4.2.7 | Overall judgment: What is our stand on the problem? | 114 |
4.3 | Practical Example of Critical Thinking to Solve a Health Problem: The Challenge of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) | 118 |
4.3.1 | Identification of the problem | 118 |
4.3.2 | Analysis of the problem | 120 |
4.3.3 | Clarification of meaning: What is CAM? | 121 |
4.3.4 | Arguments for CAM interventions | 125 |
4.3.5 | Explanations of the popularity of CAM | 128 |
4.3.6 | Methods of investigating claims made by CAM proponents | 129 |
4.3.7 | Assessment of evidence in CAM studies | 130 |
4.3.8 | Cause-effect reasoning in CAM studies | 131 |
4.3.9 | Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of CAM research | 132 |
4.3.10 | Alternative methods of evaluating CAM claims | 132 |
4.3.11 | Summary remarks about CAM | 133 |
4.3.12 | Complementary and alternative medicine in medical education and practice | 134 |
4.4 | Conclusions | 135 |
References | 137 | |
Part 2 | Practical Applications | |
Chapter 5 | Logic in Research: Critical Writing and Reading of Medical Articles: What Do These Results Really Prove? How to Write and Read Discussion and Conclusions Sections | 147 |
5.1 | Classification and Structure of Medical Articles | 150 |
5.2 | Causes and Their Effects | 152 |
5.2.1 | Historical milestones | 153 |
5.2.2 | Contributions of present generations | 154 |
5.2.3 | How a cause-effect relationship is demonstrated or refuted | 157 |
5.3 | Medical Articles as Arguments | 161 |
5.3.1 | Warrants for conclusions of a causal relationship | 162 |
5.3.2 | Arguments at the core of Discussion and Conclusions sections of medical articles | 163 |
5.4 | Fallacies in Causal Reasoning and Argument | 167 |
5.5 | Conclusions and Remedies to Consider | 172 |
References | 175 | |
Chapter 6 | Logic and Critical Thinking in a Clinician's Daily Practice: Talking and Listening to Colleagues and Patients: Am I Clear Enough? You've Got It Right! | 179 |
6.1 | Patient Logic | 183 |
6.2 | Physician Logic and Reasoning | 185 |
6.2.1 | Building up the history of the case and making a clinical examination | 186 |
6.2.2 | Making a diagnosis | 187 |
6.2.3 | Treatment | 196 |
6.2.4 | Prognosis and risk assessment | 199 |
6.2.5 | Making decisions about a particular patient in a particular setting: phronesis in medicine? | 202 |
6.3 | Logic in Communication with Patients | 206 |
6.3.1 | Understanding patients' statements and reasoning | 207 |
6.3.2 | Assessment and diagnosis of psychiatric patients | 208 |
6.4 | Logic in Communication with Peers | 210 |
6.4.1 | Verbal communication: rounds and consults | 210 |
6.4.2 | Written communication: Hospital and office charts and reports | 215 |
6.5 | Conclusions: Logic in Communication with the Outside World | 219 |
References | 219 | |
Chapter 7 | Communicating with the Outside World: Are We on the Same Wavelength? | 225 |
7.1 | Our Points of Contact in the Community | 227 |
7.2 | Physicians in Courts of Law: Their Contributions to Decision-making in Tort Litigation | 229 |
7.2.1 | What to expect when dealing with decision-making legal bodies | 230 |
7.2.2 | Cause-effect challenges: General and specific | 231 |
7.2.3 | Emergence of clinical guidelines and their role in courts of law | 239 |
7.2.4 | Reflective thinking in courts of law | 241 |
7.3 | Argumentation About Cases Before Worker Compensation Boards and Other Civic Bodies | 241 |
7.4 | Dealing with Health Problems in the Media and on the Political or Entertainment Stage | 242 |
7.5 | Conclusions | 246 |
References | 246 | |
Concluding Remarks | 251 | |
Glossary | 259 | |
About the Authors | 279 | |
Index | 281 |
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Add Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine (Evidence-Based Practice Series), Complete and flawless evidence is not enough to make valid and valuable treatment choices. If the interpretation of the evidence is not logically sound or is used uncritically, a patient could be harmed. Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinkin, Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine (Evidence-Based Practice Series) to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine (Evidence-Based Practice Series), Complete and flawless evidence is not enough to make valid and valuable treatment choices. If the interpretation of the evidence is not logically sound or is used uncritically, a patient could be harmed. Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinkin, Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine (Evidence-Based Practice Series) to your collection on WonderClub |