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Chapter 1 | Introduction | |
1.1 | Matter and Its Properties | 1 |
1.2 | Conservation of Matter | 3 |
1.3 | Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions | 3 |
1.4 | Energy and Conservation of Energy | 6 |
1.5 | Measurement | 7 |
Quiz: Introduction | 12 | |
Chapter 2 | Stoichiometry, Chemical Arithmetic | |
2.1 | The Mole | 15 |
2.2 | Atomic Weight | 15 |
2.3 | Molecular Weight and Formula Weight | 17 |
2.4 | Equivalent Weight | 17 |
2.5 | Balancing Chemical Equations | 18 |
2.6 | Calculations Based on Chemical Equations | 20 |
2.7 | Limiting-Reactant Calculations | 22 |
2.8 | Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield | 23 |
2.9 | Percentage Composition | 24 |
2.10 | Density and Molecular Weight | 26 |
2.11 | Weight-Volume Relationships | 27 |
Quiz: Stoichiometry, Chemical Arithmetic | 30 | |
Chapter 3 | Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | |
3.1 | Atomic Spectra | 33 |
3.2 | The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom | 33 |
3.3 | Electric Nature of Atoms | 38 |
3.4 | The Wave Mechanical Model | 41 |
3.5 | Subshells and Electron Configuration | 42 |
3.6 | Isotopes | 46 |
3.7 | Transition Elements and Variable Oxidation Numbers | 48 |
3.8 | Periodic Table | 48 |
3.9 | Properties Related to the Periodic Table | 49 |
Quiz: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 51 | |
Chapter 4 | Bonding | |
4.1 | Types of Bonds | 55 |
4.2 | Intermolecular Forces of Attraction | 57 |
4.3 | Double and Triple Bonds | 59 |
4.4 | Resonance Structures | 60 |
4.5 | Electrostatic Repulsion and Hybridization | 60 |
4.6 | Sigma and Pi Bonds | 62 |
4.7 | Properties of Ionic Substances | 63 |
4.8 | Properties of Molecular Crystals and Liquids | 63 |
Quiz: Bonding | 64 | |
Chapter 5 | Chemical Formulas | |
5.1 | Chemical Formulas | 67 |
5.2 | Naming Compounds | 67 |
5.3 | Writing Formulas | 69 |
5.4 | Empirical and Molecular Formulas | 70 |
Chapter 6 | Types and Rates of Chemical Reactions | |
6.1 | Types of Chemical Reactions | 72 |
6.2 | Measurements of Reaction Rates | 73 |
6.3 | Factors Affecting Reaction Rates | 74 |
6.4 | The Arrhenius Equation: Relating Temperature and Reaction Rate | 74 |
6.5 | Activation Energy | 76 |
6.6 | Reaction Rate Law | 78 |
6.7 | Collision Theory of Reaction Rates | 80 |
Quiz: Chemical Formulas - Types and Rates of Chemical Reactions | 82 | |
Chapter 7 | Gases | |
7.1 | Volume and Pressure | 86 |
7.2 | Boyle's Law | 88 |
7.3 | Charles' Law | 90 |
7.4 | Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | 91 |
7.5 | Law of Gay-Lussac | 93 |
7.6 | Ideal Gas Law | 94 |
7.7 | Combined Gas Law | 96 |
7.8 | Avogadro's Law (The Mole Concept) | 97 |
7.9 | Real Gases | 99 |
7.10 | Graham's Law of Effusion and Diffusion | 101 |
7.11 | The Kinetic Molecular Theory | 103 |
Quiz: Gases | 104 | |
Chapter 8 | Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes | |
8.1 | Liquids | 108 |
8.2 | Heat of Vaporization and Heat of Fusion | 109 |
8.3 | Raoult's Law and Vapor Pressure | 111 |
8.4 | Boiling Point and Melting Point | 112 |
8.5 | Solids | 113 |
8.6 | Phase Diagram | 114 |
8.7 | Phase Equilibrium | 115 |
Quiz: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes | 116 | |
Chapter 9 | Properties of Solutions | |
9.1 | Types of Solutions | 119 |
9.2 | Concentration Units | 119 |
9.3 | The Solution Process | 123 |
9.4 | Heat of Solution | 124 |
9.5 | Solubility and Temperature | 124 |
9.6 | Effect of Pressures on Solubility | 126 |
9.7 | Fractional Crystallization | 126 |
9.8 | Fractional Distillation | 126 |
9.9 | Vapor Pressures of Solutions | 127 |
9.10 | Colligative Properties of Solutions | 128 |
9.11 | Osmotic Pressure | 130 |
9.12 | Interionic Attractions | 132 |
Quiz: Properties of Solutions | 133 | |
Chapter 10 | Acids and Bases | |
10.1 | Definitions of Acids and Bases | 137 |
10.2 | Properties of Acids and Bases | 138 |
10.3 | Factors Influencing the Strengths of Acids | 139 |
Chapter 11 | Acid-Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions | |
11.1 | Ionization of Water, pH | 140 |
11.2 | Dissociation of Weak Electrolytes | 143 |
11.3 | Dissociation of Polyprotic Acids | 145 |
11.4 | Buffers | 146 |
11.5 | Hydrolysis | 147 |
11.6 | Acid-Base Titration: The Equivalence Point | 150 |
11.7 | Acid-Base Indicators | 152 |
Quiz: Acids and Bases - Acid-Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions | 153 | |
Chapter 12 | Chemical Equilibrium | |
12.1 | The Law of Mass Action | 156 |
12.2 | Kinetics and Equilibrium | 158 |
12.3 | Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium | 159 |
12.4 | The Relationship Between K[subscript p] and K[subscript c] | 161 |
12.5 | Heterogeneous Equilibria | 162 |
12.6 | Le Chatelier's Principle and Chemical Equilibrium | 163 |
Quiz: Chemical Equilibrium | 165 | |
Chapter 13 | Chemical Thermodynamics | |
13.1 | Some Commonly Used Terms in Thermodynamics | 170 |
13.2 | The First Law of Thermodynamics | 172 |
13.3 | Reversible and Irreversible Processes | 173 |
13.4 | Enthalpy | 174 |
13.5 | Heat of Reaction | 176 |
13.6 | Hess' Law of Heat Summation | 178 |
13.7 | Standard States | 179 |
13.8 | Bond Energies | 179 |
13.9 | Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions | 181 |
13.10 | Entropy | 181 |
13.11 | The Second Law of Thermodynamics | 182 |
13.12 | Standard Entropies and Free Energies | 183 |
Quiz: Chemical Thermodynamics | 184 | |
Chapter 14 | Oxidation and Reduction | |
14.1 | Oxidation and Reduction | 188 |
14.2 | Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Using the Oxidation Number Method | 189 |
14.3 | Balancing Redox Equations: The Ion-Electron Method | 190 |
14.4 | Non-Standard-State Cell Potentials | 193 |
14.5 | Electrolytic Cells | 194 |
14.6 | Faraday's Law | 195 |
14.7 | Voltaic Cells | 196 |
Quiz: Oxidation and Reduction | 199 | |
The Periodic Table | 204 |
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