Created Equal, Volume I: A History of the United States: To 1877 Book

Detailed Contents

Maps

Figures and Tables

Features

Preface

Supplements

Meet the Authors

A Conversation with the Authors

Acknowledgments

Part One. North American Founders

1. First Founders

Ancient America

The Question of Origins

The Archaic World

The Rise of Maize Agriculture

A Thousand Years of Change: 500 to 1500

Valleys of the Sun: The Mesoamerican Empires

The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde

The Mississippians: Cahokia and Moundville

Linking the Continents

Oceanic Travel: The Norse and the Chinese

Portugal and the Beginnings of Globalization

Looking for the Indies: Da Gama and Columbus

In the Wake of Columbus: Competition and Exchange

Spain Enters the Americas

The Devastation of the Indies

The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec

Magellan and Cortés Prompt New Searches

Three New Views of North America

The Protestant Reformation Plays Out in America

Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe

Competing Powers Lay Claim to Florida

The Background of English Expansion

Lost Colony: The Roanoke Experience

Conclusion

Envisioning History The World as a Clover: Mapping for Art, Religion, or Science

The Wider World The Lateen Rig: A Triangular Sail That Helped to Conquer Oceans

Interpreting History “These Gods That We Worship Give Us Everything We Need”

2. European Footholds in North America, 1600–1660

Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach

Vizcaíno in California and Japan

Oñate Creates a Spanish Foothold in the Southwest

New Mexico Survives: New Flocks Among Old Pueblos

Conversion and Rebellion in Spanish Florida

France and Holland: Overseas Competition for Spain

The Founding of New France

Competing for the Beaver Trade

A Dutch Colony on the Hudson River

“All Sorts of Nationalities”: Diverse New Amsterdam

English Beginnings on the Atlantic Coast

The Virginia Company and Jamestown

“Starving Time” and Seeds of Representative Government

Launching the Plymouth Colony

The Puritan Experiment

Formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company

“We Shall Be as a City upon a Hill”

Dissenters: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

Expansion and Violence: The Pequot War

The Chesapeake Bay Colonies

The Demise of the Virginia Company

Maryland: The Catholic Refuge

The Dwellings of English Newcomers

The Lure of Tobacco

Conclusion

Envisioning History A Roof Overhead: Early Chesapeake Housing

The Wider World Freedom of the Seas: Grotius and Maritime Law

Interpreting History Anne Bradstreet: “The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America”

3. Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660–1715

France and the American Interior

The Rise of the Sun King

Exploring the Mississippi Valley

King William’s War in the Northeast

Founding the Louisiana Colony

The Spanish Empire on the Defensive

The Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico

Navajo and Spanish on the Southwestern Frontier

Borderland Conflict in Texas and Florida

England’s American Empire Takes Shape

Monarchy Restored and Navigation Controlled

Fierce Anglo-Dutch Competition

The New Restoration Colonies

The Contrasting Worlds of Pennsylvania and Carolina

Bloodshed in the English Colonies: 1670–1690

Metacom’s War in New England

Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia

The “Glorious Revolution” in England

The “Glorious Revolution” in America

Consequences of War and Growth: 1690–1715

Salem’s Wartime Witch Hunt

The Uneven Costs of War

Storm Clouds in the South

Conclusion

Envisioning History La Salle’s Ship, the Belle, Is Raised from a Watery Grave

The Wider World William Dampier: The World Became His University

Interpreting History “Marry or do not marry”

Part Two. A Century of Colonial Expansion to 1775

4. African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation

The Descent into Race Slavery

The Caribbean Precedent

Ominous Beginnings

Alternative Sources of Labor

The Fateful Transition

The Growth of Slave Labor Camps

Black Involvement in Bacon’s Rebellion

The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite

Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake

England Enters the Atlantic Slave Trade

Trade Ties Between Europe and Africa

The Slave Trade on the African Coast

The Middle Passage Experience

Saltwater Slaves Arrive in America

Survival in a Strange New Land

African Rice Growers in South Carolina

Patterns of Resistance

A Wave of Rebellion

The Transformation Completed

Second Class Status in the North

Uncertain Voices of Dissent

Is This Consistent “with Christianity or Common Justice”?

Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment

The End of Equality in Georgia

Conclusion

Envisioning History Drums and Banjos: African Sounds in English Colonies

The Wider World The Odyssey of Job Ben Solomon

Interpreting History “Releese Us out of This Cruell Bondegg”

5. An American Babel, 1713–1763

New Cultures on the Western Plains

The Spread of the Horse

The Rise of the Comanche

Creation of Comanchería on the Southern Plains

The Expansion of the Sioux

Britain’s Mainland Colonies: A New Abundance of People

Population Growth on the Home Front

“Packed Like Herrings”: Arrivals from Abroad

Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies

The Varied Economic Landscape

Sources of Gain in Carolina and Georgia

Chesapeake Bay’s Tobacco Economy

New England Takes to the Sea

Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies

Matters of Faith: The Great Awakening

Seeds of Religious Toleration

The Onset of the Great Awakening: Pietism and George Whitefield

“The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry”

The Consequences of the Great Awakening

The French Lose a North American Empire

Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists

British Settlers Confront the Threat from France

An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict

Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned

Conclusion

Envisioning History Putting Mary Jemison on a Pedestal

The Wider World Solving the Problem of Longitude
Interpreting History “Pastures Can Be Found Almost Everywhere”: Joshua von Kocherthal Recruits Germans to Carolina

6. The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763–1775

New Challenges to Spain’s Expanded Empire

Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian Contact

The Russians Lay Claim to Alaska

Spain Colonizes the California Coast

New Challenges to Britain’s Expanded Empire

Midwestern Lands and Pontiac’s War for Indian Independence

Grenville’s Effort at Reform

The Stamp Act Imposed

The Stamp Act Resisted

“The Unconquerable Rage of the People”

Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution

Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint

Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators

A Conspiracy of Corrupt Ministers?

The Townshend Duties

Virtuous Resistance: Boycotting British Goods

The Boston Massacre

The Gaspée Affair Prompts Committees of Correspondence

Launching a Revolution

The Tempest over Tea

The Intolerable Acts

From Words to Action

Conclusion

Envisioning History William Hogarth’s “The Times,” 1762

The Wider World “Farther than Any Other Man”: Cook’s Second Voyage

Interpreting History “Squeezed and Oppressed”: A 1768 Petition by 30 Regulators

Part Three. The Unfinished Revolution, 1775–1803

7. Revolutionaries at War, 1775–1783

“Things Are Now Come to That Crisis”

The Second Continental Congress Takes Control

“Liberty to Slaves”

The Struggle to Control Boston

Declaring Independence

“Time to Part”

The British Attack New York

“Victory or Death”: A Desperate Gamble Pays Off

The Struggle to Win French Support

Breakdown in British Planning

Saratoga Tips the Balance

Forging an Alliance with France

Legitimate States, a Respectable Military

The Articles of Confederation

Creating State Constitutions

Tensions in the Military Ranks

Shaping a Diverse Army

The War at Sea

The Long Road to Yorktown

Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts

The Unpredictable War in the South

The Final Campaign

Winning the Peace

Conclusion

Envisioning History Benjamin Franklin: The Diplomat in a Beaver Hat

The Wider World The Journey of Tom and Sally Peters

Interpreting History “Revoking Those Sacred Trusts Which Are Violated”: Proclaiming Independence in South Carolina, May 1776

8. New Beginnings: The 1780s

Beating Swords into Plowshares

Will the Army Seize Control?

The Society of the Cincinnati

Renaming the Landscape

An Independent Culture

Competing for Control of the Mississippi Valley

Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest

Southern Claims and Indian Resistance

“We Are Now Masters”: The Old Northwest

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Debtor and Creditor, Taxpayer and Bondholder

New Sources of Wealth

“Tumults in New England”

Shay’s Rebellion: The Massachusetts Regulation

Drafting a New Constitution

Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men

Compromise and Consensus

Questions of Representation

Slavery: The Deepest Dilemma

Ratification and the Bill of Rights

The Campaign for Ratification

Dividing and Conquering the Anti-Federalists

Adding a Bill of Rights

Conclusion

Envisioning History “Grand Federal Processions”
The Wider World John Ledyard’s Wildly Ambitious Plan

Interpreting History Demobilization: “Turned Adrift Like Old Worn-Out Horses”

9. Revolutionary Legacies, 1789–1803

Competing Political Visions in the New Nation

Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action

Planting the Seeds of Industry

Echoes of the American Revolution: The Whiskey Rebellion

Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home

People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles

Blacks in the North

Manumissions in the South

Continuity and Change in the West

Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region

Patterns of Indian Acculturation

Land Speculation and Slavery

Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era

The Search for Common Ground

Artisan-Politicians and Menial Laborers

“Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women

A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women

The Election of 1800

The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson

Protecting and Expanding the National Interest

Conclusion

Envisioning History President-Elect Washington is Greeted by the Women and Girls of Trenton, New Jersey

The Wider World Comparative Measures of Equality in the Post-Revolutionary World

Interpreting History A Farmer Worries about the Power of “the Few”

Part Four. Expanding the Boundaries of Freedom and Slavery, 1804–1848

10. Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804–1818

The British Menace

The Embargo of 1807

On the Brink of War

The War of 1812

Pushing North

Fighting on Many Fronts

An Uncertain Victory

The “Era of Good Feelings”?

Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War

A Thriving Economy

Transformations in the Workplace

The Market Revolution

The Rise of the Cotton Plantation Economy

Regional Economies of the South

Black Family Life and Labor

Resistance to Slavery

Conclusion

Envisioning History A Government Agent Greets a Group of Creek Indians

The Wider World Which Nations Transported Slaves in 1800?

Interpreting History Cherokee Women Petition Against Further Land Sales to Whites in 1817

11. Society and Politics in the “Age of the Common Man,” 1819–1832

The Politics Behind Western Migration

The Missouri Compromise

Ways West: The Erie Canal

Spreading American Culture–and Slavery

Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment

The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors

The Monroe Doctrine

Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power

Federal Authority and Its Opponents

Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law

The “Tariff of Abominations”

The “Monster Bank”

Americans in the “Age of the Common Man”

Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans

Slaves and Free People of Color

Legal and Economic Dependence: The Status of Women

Ties That Bound a Growing Population

New Visions of Religious Faith

Literary and Cultural Values in America

Conclusion

Envisioning History A Rowdy Presidential Inauguration

The Wider World The Global Trade in Cotton

Interpreting History Eulalia Perez Describes Her Work in a California Mission

12. Peoples in Motion, 1832–1848

Mass Migrations

Newcomers from Western Europe

The Slave Trade

Trails of Tears

Migrants in the West

Government-Sponsored Exploration

The Oregon Trail

New Places, New Identities

Changes in the Southern Plains

A Multitude of Voices in the National Political Arena

Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837

Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment

Nativists as a Political Force

Reform Impulses

Public Education

Alternative Visions of Social Life

Networks of Reformers

The United States Extends Its Reach

The Lone Star Republic

The Election of 1844

War with Mexico

Conclusion

Envisioning History An Owner Advertises for His Runaway Slave

The Wider World The U.S. and Other Railroad Networks Compared

Interpreting History Senator John C. Calhoun Warns Against Incorporating Mexico into the United States

Part 5. Disunion and Reunion

13. The Crisis over Slavery, 1848–1860

Regional Economies and Conflicts

Native American Economies Transformed

Land Conflicts in the Southwest

Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest

Regional Economies of the South

A Free Labor Ideology in the North

Individualism Versus Group Identity

Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority

“A Teeming Nation”—America in Literature

Challenges to Individualism

The Paradox of Southern Political Power

The Party System in Disarray

The Compromise of 1850

Expansionism and Political Upheaval

The Republican Alliance

The Deepening Conflict over Slavery

The Rising Tide of Violence

The Dred Scott Decision

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860

Conclusion

Envisioning History An Artist Renders County Election Day in the 1850s

The Wider World When Was Slavery Abolished?

Interpreting History Professor Howe on the Subordination of Women

14. “To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil War

Mobilization for War, 1861–1862

The Secession Impulse

Preparing to Fight

Barriers to Southern Mobilization

Indians in the Service of the Confederacy

The Ethnic Confederacy

The Course of War, 1862–1864

The Republicans’ War

The Ravages of War

The Emancipation Proclamation

Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy

The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation

The Unfolding of Freedom

Enemies Within the Confederacy

The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice

Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863

Disaffection in the Confederacy

The Tide Turns Against the South

Civil Unrest in the North

The Desperate South

The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865

“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians

“Father Abraham”

Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the Sea

The Last Days of the Confederacy

Conclusion

Interpreting History A Virginia Slaveholder Objects to the Impressment of Slaves

Envisioning History A Civil War Encampment

The Wider World Deaths of Americans in Principal Wars, 1775-1991

15. Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865–1877

The Struggle over the South

Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies

Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867

The Southern Postwar Labor Problem

Building Free Communities

Landscapes and Soundscapes of Freedom

Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals’ Plan

The Remarkable Career of Blanche K. Bruce

Claiming Territory for the Union

Federal Military Campaigns Against Western Indians

The Postwar Western Labor Problem

Land Use in an Expanding Nation

Buying Territory for the Union

The Republican Vision and Its Limits

Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement

Workers’ Organizations

Political Corruption and the Decline of Republican Idealism

Conclusion

Envisioning History Two Artists Memorialize the Battle of Little Big Horn

The Wider World When Did Women Get the Vote?

Interpreting History A Southern Labor Contract

Appendix

The Declaration of Independence

The Article of Confederation

The Constitution of the United States of America

Amendments to the Constitution

Presidential Elections

Present Day United States

Present Day World

Glossary

Credits

Index

Maps