Corrections and the Criminal Justice System Book

Preface     ix
Acknowledgments     xvii
About the Authors     xix
Overview of Corrections and Criminal Justice     1
Introduction     2
Criminal Justice as a Social and Governmental Institution     3
Criminal Justice as an Academic Field of Study     6
Overview of the Evolution of Criminal Justice     7
The Contemporary Criminal Justice System     11
Criminal Justice Process     14
Models and Images of Crime and Justice     19
Chapter Resources     24
The Picture of Crime and Punishment in the United States     31
Introduction     32
Sources of Crime Data in the United States     33
Patterns of Crime     42
Sources of Data for Adult Corrections     48
Conclusion     54
Chapter Resources     55
Crime and the Law     61
Introduction     62
Law and Government Structure     62
Law and Discretion     63
The Evolution of Law     64
Civil and Criminal Law     64
Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law     66
Sources of Law     67
Principles of SubstantiveLaw     70
Principles of Procedural Law: The Ideal and the Real     78
Defining and Categorizing Crime     88
Application to Corrections     97
Chapter Resources     100
Policing and Corrections     109
Introduction     111
History and Evolution of Policing     111
Structure and Organization of Policing in the United States     117
Roles, Functions, and Activities of Police     123
Police Management     125
Working Personality of a Police Officer     132
Police Subculture     133
Legal Aspects of Policing     133
Discretion     141
Implications for Corrections     142
Conclusion     145
Chapter Resources     146
Courts and Corrections     157
Introduction     158
Philosophy of the U.S. Court System     159
History of the U.S. Court System     159
Structure and Organization of Twenty-First Century Courts in the United States     162
The Courtroom Work Group     169
Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants     176
Pretrial Activities     179
Steps of a Criminal Trial      183
Implications for Corrections     187
Conclusion     189
Chapter Resources     190
Sentencing and Corrections     203
Introduction     204
Sentencing Options     204
Philosophies of Punishment     206
Considerations in Sentencing     211
Changes in Sentencing Policy     220
Death Penalty     227
Conclusion     230
Chapter Resources     231
Jails and Detention Facilities     239
Introduction     240
History of Jails     241
Types of Jails     245
Characteristics of Jail Inmates     252
Impact of Courts on Jails     259
New-Generation Jails     261
Community-Based Jail Programs     263
Conclusion     265
Chapter Resources     266
Diversion and Probation     273
Introduction     274
Definitions and Numbers     275
Historical Overview of Probation and Diversion     276
Staff Roles in Probation and Diversion Programs     278
A Closer Look at Diversion     280
Probation     284
Application to Criminal Justice and Corrections     300
Chapter Resources     303
Community Corrections and Intermediate Sanctions     313
Introduction     314
History and Current Status of Community Corrections and Intermediate Sanctions     314
Types of Intermediate Sanctions     317
Summary of Research on Intermediate Sanctions     330
Future Directions for Intermediate Sanctions     332
Impact of Intermediate Sanctions on Corrections     334
Chapter Resources     335
Prison Systems and Staff     347
Introduction     348
History of the Prison     348
Modern Prison Systems     356
Prison Staff     364
Conclusion     371
Chapter Resources     372
Prisoners, Prison Life, and Inmate Rights     379
Introduction     380
Prison Society, Culture, and Experience     394
Inmate Rights and Case Law     398
Conclusion     403
Chapter Resources     404
Prison Security, Programs, and Services     413
Introduction     414
Inmate Classification     414
Institutional Security      418
Institutional Programs     427
Institutional Services and Health Care     433
Conclusion     434
Chapter Resources     436
Release from Prison, Parole, and Prisoner Reentry     443
Introduction     445
Release from Incarceration     446
Parole     449
Recidivism and Reentry     460
Application to Criminal Justice and Corrections     473
Chapter Resources     475
Juvenile Justice and Corrections     487
Introduction     488
Defining Delinquency     489
The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Crime and Victimization     490
Causes of Delinquency     497
Controlling Delinquency Throughout History     505
Contemporary Juvenile Courts     508
Processing Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court     509
Juvenile Corrections     515
Effective Correctional Interventions for Youth     520
Contemporary Issues in Juvenile Justice     522
Chapter Resources     526
The Future of Corrections and Juvenile Justice     539
Introduction     540
Trends and Challenges Facing Corrections in the Twenty-First Century      540
Correctional Futurism     555
Conclusion     559
Chapter Resources     561
Index     569