Basics of Nanotechnology Book

Preface V

1 Mesoscopic and Microscopic Physics 1

2 From Isolated Atoms to the Bulk 9

2.1 Matter and Waves 10

2.2 Morphology 10

2.3 Electronic Structure and Optical Properties 12

2.3.1 Semiconductors: Quantum Dots and Wires 13

2.3.2 Metals 14

3 Generation and Manipulation of Nanostructures 19

3.1 Top-down Methods 19

3.1.1 Nanostructures via Photons and Lithography 19

3.1.2 Nanoimprint Methods 28

3.1.3 Nanostructures via Scanning Probe Methods 28

3.2 Bottom-up Methods 30

3.2.1 Epitaxial Growth 31

3.2.2 Self Organisation 34

3.2.3 Deposition of Preselected Cluster Matter 46

4 Characterization of Nanostructures 51

4.1 Optical Microscopy 51

4.1.1 Simple Light Microscopes 51

4.1.2 Bright and Dark Field Microscopy 55

4.1.3 Fluorescence- and Phase-Contrast Microscopy 57

4.1.4 Confocal Microscopy 58

4.1.5 Brewster Angle Microscopy 62

4.2 Scanning Microscopies 62

4.2.1 Electron Microscopy 63

4.2.2 Tunneling and Force Microscopy 65

4.2.3 Near Field Microscopy 68

4.2.4 New Microscopies 75

4.3 Linear and Nonlinear Spectroscopy 81

4.4 Diffraction Methods 96

4.5 Emission Methods 103

5 Nano Architecture 109

5.1 Layered Systems 111

5.2 Colloidal Solutions and Crystals 114

5.3 Light Lattices 116

5.4 Coulomb Crystals 121

6 Applications 123

6.1 Optics 123

6.1.1 Integrated Optics, Nanooptics and Nonlinear Optics 123

6.1.2 Optical and Magnetic Data Storage 129

6.1.3 Photonic Crystals 131

6.1.4 Short-Time Dynamics in Nanostructures 136

6.2 Electronics 158

6.2.1 Optoelectronics 158

6.2.2 Molecular and Nanoelectronics 160

6.3 Quantum Computers 169

6.4 Biology 174

6.4.1 Characterization of Elementary Units174

6.4.2 Nanobionics and Nanobiotechnology 176

6.5 Molecular Carbon Nanostructures 179

6.6 Micro-and Nanomechanics 185

References 193

Index 223