Acidity and Properties of Major Industrial Acids Book

	Preface
1	Introduction	1
1.1	Identification of the Major Industrial Acids	1
1.2	General Features of Proton Transfer	2
1.3	Hydrogen Bonding	6
1.4	Concluding Remarks	9
2	Molecules and phases	11
2.1	The Molecular Structures	11
2.2	Solid Phases of Pure Acids	14
2.3	Liquid Phases of Pure Acids	20
2.4	Vapour Phases above Pure Acids	32
2.5	Concluding Remarks	39
3	Dissociative ionization	42
3.1	Gas Phase Acidity	42
3.2	Acid Strengths in Dilute Aqueous Solutions	45
3.3	Dissociative Ionization of Acids in Solution	48
3.4	Quantitative Measures of Acidic Strength	63
3.5	Concluding Remarks	65
4	Theory and applications of indicators	67
4.1	Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Acids	68
4.2	Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Acids	80
4.3	Superacids	93
4.4	Acidic Solid Surfaces	95
4.5	Concluding Remarks	100
5	Aqueous acidic solutions in the pH range	103
5.1	Routine Measurement of pH: The Glass Electrode	103
5.2	Measurement of Total Acid Content: Titration	108
5.3	The Determination of pK[subscript a] Values	116
5.4	Buffers and Buffering Action	127
5.5	Concluding Remarks	130
6	Concentrated aqueous solutions of acids	133
6.1	Infrared Absorption Continua	133
6.2	Acetic Acid	135
6.3	Phosphoric Acid	138
6.4	Nitric Acid	140
6.5	Sulphuric Acid	144
6.6	Hydrofluoric Acid	148
6.7	Hydrochloric Acid	152
6.8	Nitrating Acid Solutions	155
6.9	Superacidic Liquid Mixtures	161
6.10	Concluding Remarks	163
7	Acidic solids: Y-type zeolites	166
7.1	The Origins of Acidity in Zeolites	166
7.2	Dealuminated Y-Type Zeolites	173
7.3	Rare-Earth-Exchanged Y-Type Zeolites	184
7.4	Concluding Remarks	190
8	Industrial perspectives	193
8.1	Fertilizer Production	194
8.2	Air Pollution: Acid Rain	196
8.3	Aromatic Nitration	199
8.4	Nuclear Fuel Processing	200
8.5	Titanium Dioxide (Titania) Production	206
8.6	Steel Pickling	208
8.7	Gasoline Production via Alkylation	209
8.8	Synthesis of Ethanol and 2-Propanol	212
8.9	Alkylation of Benzene to Cumene	215
8.10	Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process	216
8.11	Synthetic Polymers	221
8.12	Concluding Remarks	228
	Index	230