| Contributors | xiii |
| Preface | xv |
1 | Introduction: Affect and Social Cognition | 1 |
| Philosophical and Speculative Theories Linking Affect and Cognition | 6 |
| Some Early Empirical Evidence for Affective Influences on Cognition and Judgments | 7 |
| Psychodynamic Approaches to Affect and Cognition | 8 |
| Conditioning Approaches to Affect and Cognition | 9 |
| The Emergence of a Cognitive Paradigm | 12 |
| Major Areas of Contemporary Research on Affect and Social Cognition | 15 |
| Affect and Cognition: Fundamental Issues and the Nature of the Relationship | 16 |
| Affective Influences on the Content of Cognition | 17 |
| Affect and Social Information Processing | 18 |
| Affective Influences on Social Motivation and Intentions | 19 |
| Affect, Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior | 19 |
| Personality and Individual Differences in Affectivity | 20 |
| Conclusion | 21 |
| References | 22 |
I | The Relationship Between Affect and Cognition: Fundamental Issues | |
2 | The Interaction of Affect and Cognition: A Neurobiological Perspective | 27 |
| Cognitive Affect | 28 |
| Affective Modulation of Memory, Attention, and Decision Making in Animals | 30 |
| Affect Modulates Declarative Memory | 33 |
| Affect Modulates Decision Making | 37 |
| Affect and Social Judgment | 40 |
| Conclusions | 43 |
| Acknowledgments | 45 |
| References | 45 |
3 | Affect and Attitudes: A Social Neuroscience Approach | 50 |
| Why Social Neuroscience? | 51 |
| The Separability of Positive and Negative Affect | 52 |
| The Evaluative Space Model | 54 |
| Neural Substrates | 57 |
| Negativity Bias | 58 |
| Summary | 59 |
| Rerepresentation of Evaluative Processes Across the Neuraxis | 60 |
| Feeling without Knowing | 63 |
| Applications to Implicit and Explicit Prejudice | 65 |
| Different Evaluative Mechanisms or Decreased Activation with Practice? | 67 |
| Summary | 68 |
| Conclusion | 69 |
| References | 70 |
4 | Affect and Cognitive Appraisal Processes | 75 |
| Appraisal Theory: Its Purpose and Major Assumptions | 77 |
| Structural Models of Appraisal | 80 |
| Toward a Process Model of Appraisal | 84 |
| Appraisal Theory, Affect, and Social Cognition | 89 |
| References | 90 |
II | Affective Influences on the Content of Cognition | |
5 | Mood and Social Memory | 95 |
| Affective Features of Social Episode Representations | 96 |
| Memory for Emotional Episodes | 98 |
| Affective Recall without Factual Recall | 99 |
| Emotional Units in Associative Networks | 103 |
| Mood-Dependent Retrieval | 104 |
| Mood-Congruent Processing | 108 |
| Limitations on Mood Congruity | 110 |
| Information-Processing Strategies that Moderate Mood Effects on Memory | 112 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 115 |
| Acknowledgment | 116 |
| References | 117 |
6 | Affect as Information | 121 |
| Affect and Judgment | 122 |
| Traditional Views | 122 |
| The Affect-as-Information View | 123 |
| Mood and Processing | 129 |
| Priming and Processing | 133 |
| Mood and Memory | 136 |
| Summary | 139 |
| Acknowledgments | 140 |
| References | 141 |
7 | Affective Influences on the Self-Concept: Qualifying the Mood-Congruency Principle | 145 |
| The Affect Infusion Model | 147 |
| Type of Self-Conceptions | 147 |
| Individual Differences | 151 |
| Judgmental Task Features | 154 |
| Concluding Remarks | 156 |
| References | 158 |
III | Affective Influences on Social Information Processing | |
8 | Affective Influences on Social Information Processing | 163 |
| A Fundamental Processing Dichotomy | 165 |
| Basic Assumptions, Methods, and Findings | 166 |
| Mood-Congruency Effects | 168 |
| Mood Effects on Information-Processing Style | 169 |
| Boundary Conditions of Mood-Congruent Memory and Judgment | 171 |
| Integrating the Evidence in Terms of Processing Differences: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM) | 172 |
| The Processing Consequences of Affect | 176 |
| Affect, Cognition, and Adaptive Learning: Assimilation versus Accommodation | 177 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 182 |
| References | 183 |
9 | Promotion and Prevention Experiences: Relating Emotions to Nonemotional Motivational States | 186 |
| Promotion and Prevention Focus Concerns | 189 |
| Promotion and Prevention: Nonemotional Motivational States | 192 |
| Promotion and Prevention: Emotional Experiences | 195 |
| Promotion and Prevention Experiences of Motivational Strength | 200 |
| Additional Implications of Promotion and Prevention for Emotion | 203 |
| Acknowledgments | 208 |
| References | 208 |
10 | The Role of Affect in Attitude Change | 212 |
| Attitude Structure | 215 |
| Attitude Change with Relevant Affect | 216 |
| Affective versus Cognitive Appeals | 216 |
| Fear Appeals | 217 |
| Attitude Change with Irrelevant (Incidental) Affect | 218 |
| Effects of Emotional Factors Under Low-Elaboration Conditions | 219 |
| Effects of Emotional Factors Under High-Elaboration Conditions | 221 |
| Effects of Emotional Factors Under Moderate-Elaboration Conditions | 223 |
| Mood-Correction Effects | 226 |
| Conclusion | 228 |
| References | 228 |
IV | Affective Influences on Motivation and Intentions | |
11 | The Role of Affect in Cognitive-Dissonance Processes | 237 |
| Overview of the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance | 238 |
| Research Paradigms | 239 |
| Role of Negative Affect | 240 |
| A Conceptualization of Why Dissonance Produces Negative Affect | 240 |
| Cognitive Discrepancy as an Antecedent of Negative Affect | 241 |
| Dissonance and Physiological Responses | 241 |
| Dissonance and Self-Reported Negative Affect | 242 |
| Using Assessments of Negative Affect to Understand the Motivation Underlying Dissonance Reduction | 242 |
| Critical Evaluation | 244 |
| On the Causal Relation Between Dissonance, Affect, and Discrepancy Reduction | 245 |
| The Relation of Dissonance-Produced Affect to Discrepancy Reduction | 245 |
| Dissonance and Misattribution of Affect | 247 |
| Independent Sources of Affect and Discrepancy Reduction | 249 |
| Affective Consequences of Cognitive-Discrepancy Reduction | 250 |
| Does Discrepancy Reduction Decrease Physiological Responses? | 251 |
| Does Discrepancy Reduction Decrease Negative Affect? | 251 |
| Resolving Discrepant Findings for Physiological Responses and Reported Affect | 252 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 252 |
| Acknowledgments | 252 |
| References | 253 |
12 | Mood as a Resource in Processing Self-Relevant Information | 256 |
| Mood as a Resource in Overcoming Defensiveness | 257 |
| Mood-Incongruent Information Search | 258 |
| Self-Induced Positive Mood | 261 |
| Mood as a Resource and Mood as a Goal | 262 |
| Research on Mood as a Resource versus a Goal in Feedback-Seeking Behavior | 263 |
| Mood as a Resource versus a Goal in Processing Persuasive Messages | 267 |
| Mood-Incongruent Recall | 267 |
| Affective Consequences of Processing | 268 |
| Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions | 269 |
| Conclusions | 270 |
| References | 272 |
13 | The Role of Motivated Social Cognition in the Regulation of Affective States | 275 |
| The Search for Mood Repair | 276 |
| The Social Constraints Model of Mood Regulation and Processing | 279 |
| Mood Regulation: What and When | 284 |
| Research Supporting the Social Constraints Model: The Coolness Effect | 285 |
| Research Supporting the Appropriateness Hypothesis I: Strangers versus Romantic Couples | 286 |
| Research Supporting the Appropriateness Hypothesis II: Accepting versus Critical Others | 287 |
| Some Parting Thoughts | 288 |
| References | 289 |
V | Affective Influences on Cognitively Mediated Social Behaviors | |
14 | Affect, Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior: The Mediating Role of Processing Strategies | 293 |
| Affect Congruence in Interpersonal Behavior | 295 |
| Affect Infusion: A Question of Processing Style? | 296 |
| Affective Influences on Behavior Interpretation | 300 |
| Affect and Eyewitness Memory for Observed Interactions | 302 |
| Affective Influences on Spontaneous Interaction | 303 |
| Affect Infusion and Interpersonal Strategies: Making a Request | 304 |
| Affective Influences on Responding to Unexpected Social Situations | 307 |
| Affective Influences on Planned Strategic Encounters | 308 |
| Affective Influences on Persuasive Communication | 311 |
| The Interaction Between Affect and Cognitive-Processing Strategies | 312 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 314 |
| Acknowledgments | 316 |
| References | 316 |
15 | Affective Influences on Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations | 319 |
| The Affective Context of Intergroup Relations | 320 |
| Chronic Integral Affect | 321 |
| Episodic Integral Affect | 322 |
| Incidental Affect | 324 |
| Mechanisms of Affective Influence on the Stereotyping Process | 326 |
| Category Identification | 326 |
| Stereotype Activation | 328 |
| Stereotype Application | 330 |
| Stereotype Correction | 336 |
| Final Thoughts | 337 |
| References | 338 |
16 | Affect and Health-Relevant Cognition | 344 |
| Induced Mood and Thoughts about Health | 346 |
| Direct Effects of Mood on Illness: Findings from Psychoneuroimmunology | 349 |
| Induced Mood and Immunologic Parameters | 349 |
| Laughter and Immunity | 350 |
| Dispositional Links Between Mood and Health | 351 |
| Optimism | 351 |
| Hope | 352 |
| Religiosity | 353 |
| Mood-Regulatory Skills | 354 |
| Hardiness | 355 |
| Negative Affectivity | 356 |
| Affect Intensity | 357 |
| Mood and Attentional Focus | 358 |
| Affect, Health-Relevant Cognition, and Social Support | 359 |
| Changes in Mood Motivate Health-Relevant Behaviors | 361 |
| Conclusion | 362 |
| Acknowledgments | 363 |
| References | 363 |
VI | The Role of Individual Differences in Affectivity | |
17 | Personality as a Moderator of Affective Influences on Cognition | 371 |
| Personality Traits that Enhance Mood-Congruent Processing | 375 |
| Extraversion and Neuroticism | 375 |
| Other Negative Traits | 378 |
| Personality Traits that Reverse Negative Mood-Congruent Processing | 379 |
| Mood-Regulation | 380 |
| Self-Esteem | 382 |
| When Are Personality and Mood Effects on Cognition Present? | 383 |
| Type of Mood Induction | 384 |
| Motivations to Regulate Emotions | 385 |
| Type of Cognitive Task | 386 |
| Difficulties in Research on Personality, Mood, and Cognition | 387 |
| References | 388 |
18 | Affect, Stress, and Personality | 392 |
| The Big Five, Affective Experience, and Stress | 394 |
| Neuroticism and Responses to Life Events | 396 |
| Processes Contributing to the Neurotic Cascade | 399 |
| Personality in the Context of Affective-Cognitive Networks | 402 |
| Person [times] Environment Fit: The Case of Agreeableness | 403 |
| Conclusions | 405 |
| Acknowledgments | 406 |
| References | 406 |
19 | Emotion, Intelligence, and Emotional Intelligence | 410 |
| Putting Emotion and Cognition in Their Place | 413 |
| The Trilogy of Mind | 413 |
| Other Parts of Personality | 415 |
| Emotional Traits | 415 |
| Cognitive Traits | 416 |
| Emotion and Cognition: What Is Intelligence and What Is Not? | 417 |
| The Theory of Emotional Intelligence | 418 |
| Emotion as Information | 418 |
| Emotional Perception | 419 |
| Emotional Integration |
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