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CHAPTER 1
Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos
Noticing and Thinking
The process of thinking
The paradigm shift
Communicating Clearly and Effectively
Specific evidence
Writing an Opinion Essay
Finding your subject
Writing Persuasively
The Persuasive Appeals
Logos Pathos Ethos
Thesis Statements
Evaluating your thesis statement
Guide for thesis statements in persuasive essays
Engaging Your Audience
Titles Introductions Conclusions
Guide for Evaluating Writing
INTERCHAPTER 1
Style and Voice
Diction
Monosyllabic words Multisyllabic words
Pretentious writing
Other Features of Diction
Specific or general Concrete or abstract
Literal or figurative Avoid cliches Precise words
Language and Thought
Voice
Features of objective writing
The writing situation and voice
Tone
Analyzing attitude toward readers
Analyzing attitudes toward subject and self
Sentence Tools
Simple sentences Joining complete thoughts: coordination
Using semicolons to join complete thoughts
Solving Two Common Sentence Problems
Comma splices and run-on sentences
CHAPTER 2
Arguments and Controversies
Critical Reading and Writing:
Agree, Disagree or Maybe Both
Reading Tools
Asking questions Noticing insights Noticing assumptions
Noticing overgeneralizations
Analyzing and Evaluating Two Essays on a Controversy
Analysis and evaluation of Mitch Albom’s essay
Different ways to present other arguments
Analysis and evaluation of Thomas Sowell’s essay
Features of outlining Features of summarizing
Kinds of Evidence for Arguing: Examples, Reasons,
Authorities, Statistics
Using examples Using reasons
Using authorities Using statistics
Writing an Essay about a Local Issue
Writing a Report to Analyze and Evaluate an Argument
Guidelines for a report analyzing and evaluating an argument
Five Essays on Controversial Issues for a Report
National service Women in combat College or pro sports
Donating organs Stem cell research
Writing an Essay with Sources about a Controversy
Guidelines for writing an essay about a controversy
Organizing an essay about a controversy
Rogerian argument Advantages of presenting other arguments first
Guidelines for organizing an essay about a controversy
Readings on Controversial Issues: Three Case Studies
Cheating for Success Same Sex Marriage Affirmative Action
INTERCHAPTER 2
Voice and Emphasis
Diction and Repetition
Repeating words for emphasis Alliteration
Sentence Tools
Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination
Colons and dashes and voice Underlining (italics) and voice
Parentheses and voice
Fine-tuning Sentences
Sentence fragments: pros and cons Conciseness
Omit needless words I Omit needless words II
CHAPTER 3
Strategies of Argumentation
Arguing by Induction and Deduction
Arguing by Illustration
Arguing by Narration and Description
Arguing by Refutation
Arguing from Comparison
Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns
Arguing from Contraries
Using contradictions and paradoxes
Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity Either/or thinking
Arguing from Analogy
Explaining the mind
Arguing from Classification
Arguing from Cause and Effect
Arguing from Definition
Digging for roots of words
Definition Essay Using Various Strategies of Argumentation
Analyzing and Evaluating an Essay
Using the Toulmin Strategy to Argue
Kinds of arguments—kinds of claims Warrants
Guidelines for increasing the credibility of your arguments
Toulmin and the Psychology of Argument
Uncovering hidden values, beliefs, attitudes
Using the Toulmin Strategy to Analyze and Evaluate an Argument
Essays to Analyze and Evaluate with the Toulmin Strategy
INTERCHAPTER 3
Strategies of Repetition
Sentence Tools
Parallelism Anaphora Epistrophe
The Power of Threes in Sentences
Using threes in sentences: rising order or not
Varying Sentence Beginnings: Three Ways
Using -ing phrases Using -ed or -en phrases Using To phrases
CHAPTER 4
Problems in Reasoning
Finding the Facts
Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences
Fallacies
Problems of Insufficient Evidence
Overgeneralizing Card stacking Ad ignorantium
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Problems Based on Irrelevant Information
Ad Baculum Ad hominem Fallacy of opposition
Genetic Fallacy Guilt by association Ad misericordiam
Ad Populum Bandwagon Plain folks and snob appeal
Ad Verecundiam Red herring Weak opponent
Tu quoque Oversimplification
Problems of Ambiguity
Amphibole Begging the question Equivocation
Loaded language False analogy
Problems of Faulty Reasoning
False dilemma (either/or thinking) Non sequitur
Rationalization Reductio ad absurdum Slippery slope
Reading and Writing Activities
INTERCHAPTER 4
Style and Contraries
Sentence Tools
Antithesis Antithesis and balanced sentences
Loose and periodic sentences
Fine Tuning Sentences
False starts Active and passive verbs
CHAPTER 5
Visual Arguments
Photographs
News photographs Guidelines for analyzing and evaluating images
Staged images Documentary photographs
Fotolog: A new photo phenomenon
Student essays analyzing and evaluating photographs
Like a photograph, a painting
Advertisements
Commercial ads Special considerations for analyzing and evaluating ads
Ads for social causes Student essays analyzing and evaluating advertisements
Cartoons
Cartoons and creativity Creativity and humor
Serious cartoons Editorial cartoons
Special considerations for analyzing and evaluating cartoons
Student essays analyzing and evaluating cartoons
Film
Writing about a film Guidelines for writing a film review
Organizing your film review Finding and synthesizing sources
Special considerations for using sources in a film review
Student film reviews
INTERCHAPTER 5
Analyzing Style
Tools of Style
Guidelines for Writing an Essay Analyzing and Evaluating Style
Analyzing and Evaluating the Style of a Passage
Analyzing and Evaluating the Style of an Essay or a Speech
Essays for Analysis and Evaluation
CHAPTER 6
Critical Thinking about Poetry, Fiction, and Literary Nonfiction
Reading and Writing about Poetry
The language of poetry Elements of poetry
Diction Imagery Figures of speech: metaphors,
similes, and symbols Tone Speaker
Sound patterns Structure Line breaks
Reading Notebook
Writing an Essay about a Poem
Guidelines for writing an essay about a poem
Student Essay Analyzing and Evaluating a Poem
Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay
Reading and Writing about Fiction
Elements of fiction Plot and conflict Character
Point of view Setting Moral issues
Writing an Essay about a Story
Guidelines for writing an essay about a story
Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay
Reading and Writing about Literary Nonfiction
Writing about a Literary Nonfiction Essay
CHAPTER 7
Library Strategies
Research Writing Options
The informational report The argument paper
Modern Research
Start in the Library
Preliminary reading Locating your research question
Strategy One: Finding Background Material
The general encyclopedias Specialized encyclopedias
Critical thinking in a research notebook
Strategy Two: Looking for Books
Bibliographies Online databases and bookstores
The Library of Congress online Other online sources
The public access catalog
Strategy Three: Look for Articles
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature Newspaper online archives
FirstSearch and ProQuest To use popular sources or not
Professional, technical, and specialty journals
Strategy Four: Look for Reports, Other Specialized Information
Government documents, reports Statistical information
Biographical sources online Book reviews
Strategy Five: Use Electronic Sources and Microform Readers
The Working Bibliography
Writing a Research Proposal
Giving the background research Describing your project
Explaining your methods and procedures
Anticipating problems and requirements in your project
Discussing the significance of your project
Listing your works cited or references
CHAPTER 8
Evaluating Evidence
Research and the Internet
Evaluation and the Internet
Millions of hits Print out Internet material
What Is a Reliable Site?
Evaluating Web sites Criteria for Web sites
Who Is the Author?
Identifying authors Caution on the Internet
Authority The establishment bias: an exception
Guidelines for evaluating authors
Reliable Information: On the Net and Off
Context Timely data Documentation and credibility
Hoaxes, jokes, conspiracies, and frauds
Guidelines for reliable information
Understanding Evidence
Active reading Questioning evidence
Primary and Secondary Evidence
A problem solving approach to research The weight of evidence
Magazines and journals Researchers’ rule Examining testimony
Considering the evidence itself Defining your terms
Occam’s razor: the rule of simplicity Remaining impartial
Remaining objective Determining relevance Significance
Claim Persuasion Judging probability
Evaluating statistical data Problems of questionnaires
Evaluating the Data: A Test Case
Summing up the evidence
CHAPTER 9
Documentation
How Much Documentation?
Research Problems to Avoid
The string of pearls Underresearched paper
Overworking the data Underdocumentation Plagiarism
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
Parenthetical References
What to Document
Direct quotations Words and ideas from a source
Paraphrases and restatements Discussing the same source
Source within a source Content notes
What Not to Document
Common knowledge
In-Text Rules
Use author’s name and signal phrase
Use name and title for more than one work by same author
Use shortened titles Use page numbers
Bibliography
Authors’ names Titles Place of publication
Shorten publishers’ names Copyright date
Basic Work Cited Model, Book (MLA)
Basic Work Cited Model, Periodical (MLA)
Books: MLA Works Cited Models
One author More than one book by same author
Author of one book, coauthor of another Two or more authors
Committee or group author Book with editor(s)
Essay, chapter, or selection in anthology, edited work
Translation Multi-volume work Part(s) of multi-volume work
Reprint of older work Edition Introduction, preface, foreword
Bible, sacred works Anonymous works Dictionary
Periodicals: MLA Works Cited Models
Weekly magazine article Magazine article, no author given
Monthly magazine article Newspaper article
Newspaper article, unsigned Editorial, signed and unsigned
Letter to the editor Book review Film review
Music review Professional, technical, or specialty journal,
each issue starting with page 1 Professional, technical, or specialty
journal, pages numbered continuously throughout year
Titles and quotes within titles
Other Sources
Handout or unpublished essay Lecture, speech, public address
Film Video recording: television or film Play, performance
Musical performance Musical composition Recording
Individual selection from a recording Television show
Work of art Poem published separately Poem in a collection
Letter, personal Letter(s), published Personal interview
Telephone interview Published interview
A chart, diagram, map, or table A cartoon An advertisement
Electronic Sources
Article from a magazine Article from an online newspaper
Article from an online professional or technical journal
Online book Part of an online book
Online government publication CD-ROM
Work from an online database
Name and Date Method of Documentation: APA Style
Guidelines for References in Your Text: APA Style
Extended discussion Two or more authors No author
Author (committee or group) with long name
Two authors with same name Same author, same year
Multiple references
References List in APA Style
Basic Reference Form, Book (APA)
Basic Reference Form, Periodicals (APA)
Books: Reference List Models, APA Style
One author More than one book by same author
Author of one book, co-author of another
Two or more authors Committee or group author
Book with editor(s) Chapter or section in an edited work
Translation Multi-volume work
Part(s) of multi-volume work Unsigned work
Reprint of older work Edition
Introduction, preface, foreword Dictionary
Periodicals: Reference List Models, APA Style
Weekly magazine article Magazine article, no author given
Monthly magazine article Newspaper article
Newspaper article, unsigned Editorial, signed and unsigned
Letter to the editor Book review Film review
Music review Professional, technical, or specialty journal,
each issue starting with page 1 Professional, technical, or
specialty journal, pages numbered continuously throughout volume
Titles and quotes within titles
Other Sources:Reference List Models, APA Style
Handout or unpublished essay Lecture, speech, public address
Film Video or DVD: film or television Television show
Play, performance Recording Individual selection from
a recording Work of art Poem published separately
Poem in a collection Letter, personal Letter(s), published
Personal interview Published interview
A chart, diagram, map, or table A cartoon An advertisement
Electronic Sources: Reference List Models, APA Style
Internet articles based on a print source Article from
a professional or technical journal Article from an online
journal, no print source Article from a magazine
Article from an online newspaper Online book
Online government publication Work from an online database
CHAPTER 10
Writing Your Research Paper
Researchers as Writers
Writing an Informational Report
A model informational report
Organizing Informational Reports
Guide for organizing informational reports
Writing an Argument Paper
Shaping your thesis Discovering order
Working through your project
The Formal Outline
Revising the preliminary outline
The Formal Outline Model
The Abstract
Title, Introduction, Conclusion
Organizing Your Paper
Chronological Order of importance Making concessions
Writing Clear Paragraphs
Use unifying devices
Works Cited or References
The bibliography rule
A Model Argument Paper
Typing Your Paper
MLA guidelines APA guidelines
Example title page based on APA guidelines
APA page models after title page
Illustrations and Tables
A CONCISE HANDBOOK ON GRAMMAR, MECHANICS, AND USAGE
Sentences
What is a sentence? Finding the subject of a sentence
Subject and verb agreement problems
Pronoun agreement problems Clauses, dependent and independent
Who and whom Appropriate verb tenses Lie and lay
Revise faulty parallelism Dangling or misplaced modifiers
Avoid sexist language
Punctuation
Period Comma splices and run-on sentences
Comma Semicolons and a complex series
For more on semicolons, see Interchapter 1
Colons and dashes—see Interchapter 2 Exclamation mark
Parentheses Brackets Use “Sic” to indicate errors in quotes
Quotation marks: how to quote from sources
Copying and quoting Question marks Ellipsis Slash
Mechanics
Apostrophe Hyphen Underlining (Italics)
Capitalization Abbreviations and numbers
Glossary of Usage
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Add Discovering arguments, This book uses logos, pathos, and ethos in critical thinking, active reading, and persuasive writing. Accessible and stimulating, the versatile manual can be used as a rhetoric, a reader, a guide on research writing, and a guide on style. Through its chap, Discovering arguments to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Discovering arguments, This book uses logos, pathos, and ethos in critical thinking, active reading, and persuasive writing. Accessible and stimulating, the versatile manual can be used as a rhetoric, a reader, a guide on research writing, and a guide on style. Through its chap, Discovering arguments to your collection on WonderClub |