Reviews for Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany 1870-1913

The average rating for Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany 1870-1913 based on 2 reviews is 4.5 stars.

Review # 1 was written on 2015-05-12 00:00:00 Thomas Hill Kluger weaves together a gripping story about how polio consumed the public mood in the early-to-mid 20th century and about the scientific work to eradicate it. It is primarily told through the prism of Jonas Salk's work which eventually led to a vaccine. But, as Kluger explains, the goal of a vaccine, initially, was not a foregone conclusion nor, once scientific consensus was achieved, was the method of producing it agreed upon. Salk, as a younger researcher working Tommy Francis's lab in Michigan, was an integral part of the team that made the first flu vaccine. When he moved to set up a lab at the University of Pittsburgh, he was recruited to work on the polio crisis by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, an organization founded by Franklin Roosevelt. Despite the relatively dry topic of medical research, this story manages to be suspenseful. Kluger's account of the culminating press conference in which the results of the first nationwide implementation of the vaccine were announced'a press conference!!'is the unlikely emotional highpoint of the narrative. Additionally, the history and anecdotes of how polio affected both the national consciousness and individuals while it was raging around the nation is incredibly insightful for those of us who did not live through it. The parts of Kluger's account that elevated it from four to five stars include his descriptions of the non-medical/scientific aspects of Salk's work: the impact of professional competitive behavior among researchers; the importance of good, accurate publicity; the role an advocacy organization can play to organize scientific communities and direct their work; how policy makers (read: politicians) can unnecessarily complicate the work through well-meaning ignorance; and the bureaucratic and manufacturing issues that conversely hindered and accelerated production and distribution of the vaccine. It can be argued that Salk's life and work are described through rose-colored glasses, but this really doesn't detract from the story. If anything, it should be a reminder to all of us of the many, many anonymous medical researchers throughout the world who are living honorable lives while toiling away, mostly unsuccessfully, to find cures and treatments for countless human maladies. That, ultimately, is this story's lesson.

Review # 2 was written on 2013-10-03 00:00:00 Paul Tait This book provides parallel biographies of Jonas Salk and the campaign to conquer the polio virus. Today we tend to forget how scary polio was. Its psychological impact was especially devastating because it attacked mostly children. Until 1955, when the Salk vaccine was introduced, polio was considered the most frightening public health problem of the post-war United States. Annual epidemics were increasingly devastating. The 1952 epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis, with most of its victims being children. One of the puzzling ironies of polio is that it became more prevalent as society began to control other infectious diseases through improved sanitation and water supplies. The best theory to explain this irony is that prior to the 20th century the polio virus was prevalent but immunity to it was widespread. This is because prior to the 20th century the population was exposed to a constant and low level of the virus through the poorer sanitation conditions that were generally present. This condition enhanced a natural immunity within the population. When the environment became less contaminated the prevailing immunity to polio was consequently decreased. Of people exposed to the polio virus, only 5 percent have symptoms. Of those who become ill, one in twenty of the cases are fatal. One thing I don't understand is where the virus disappeared to in the winter months. Its occurrence was seasonal with it returning with warm weather. If it needed a human host it seems like it should get worse in the winter (like the common cold) when people are in close proximity to each other. The author did a very good job of including various human interest stories. The horror of the disease was brought home to the reader by telling the stories of some of victims. Even though the reader knows how the story is going to end, the narrative unfolds in such a way that it builds suspense. The book reads like a medical thriller. One thing I noticed is that Albert Sabin (developer of the oral polio vaccine) comes across in this book as a jealous small minded competitor of Salk's. He was critical of Salk at every step of his research and recommend that Salk's vaccine not be used because he thought his own vaccine based on a live virus would be better. The only problem was his vaccine was a couple years later in development, and waiting for it would cause thousands more to be victimized. The book tells of Salk's home life. I fell in love with his family consisting of his wife DonnaCarol and three boys. One touching scene is when one of his young sons hides under his bed to avoid getting a shot of the vaccine. I was saddened to learn in the book's epilog that Jonas and DonnaCarol were later divorced. I fear that Salk may be another one of those men who switched to a younger trophy wife after he became rich and famous. The book includes some critical remarks about Jonas Salk. His failure to thank his laboratory staff at the public announcement of the vaccine's success is mentioned several times. Apparently, some of his colleagues never forgave him for it.