Reviews for Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times

The average rating for Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times based on 2 reviews is 4 stars.

Review # 1 was written on 2011-04-02 00:00:00 Andy Mackie I really thought this book was helpful in my understanding of the history and cultural of the first century. To Gentiles, however, the title the Christ was incomprehensible; it meant only "the smeared one." To accommodate the cultural problems of the Gentiles, the title the Christ quickly became a surname, as in Jesus Christ. (p.27) In the case of Vespasian a connection between the emperor's fear of the house of David and his apprehension of the Messiah/Christ of the Jews has to be inferred though it is a reasonable inference. With Domitian, however, the connection is explicit. The emperor asked them whether they were of the house of David and for information about "Christ and his kingdom." The grandsons of Jude, in agreeing that they were of the family of David, added that they were "related to Christ himself." This might have led to their immediate execution. However, when Domitian discovered that these royal descendants were humble farmers with small holdings and hard, worn hands and that Christ's kingdom was a heavenly, end-time kingdom, the emperor dismissed them and called off the persecution. Upon their return (to Galilee?) the grandsons of Jude were appointed leaders of the church because of their faithful witness and their relationship to the Christ. (p.32-33) By the time of the great fire in Rome in 64 "Christians" were seen as a superstition, an aloof sect, and a threat to the social order. (p.34) Through his references to the statements of Peter and Paul in his two-volume work, Luke carefully establishes for his readers that Jesus is of the line of David. ... Matthew, too, makes much of Jesus' Davidic roots. (p.35) Three passages provide the source of the messianic hope of the Old Testament (Gen 49:10, Num 24:17, 2 Sam 7:12-16). ... These images [ruler, throne, seed, sceptre] represented the "core" belief and hope of the covenant people in the time of Jesus. The long-awaited messianic king was a son of David. (p.37) Many scholars, however, question whether the hope of a Davidic Messiah was central to the beliefs of Judaism at the time of Jesus and the rise of early Christianity. Two related lines of argument are used. First, it is claimed that the re wree a multiplicity of eschatologies and messianic figures current in Second Temple Judaism. For example, the two messiahs of Qumran hope, one a pries (the line of Aaron) and the other a layman (the messiah of Israel), has created difficulties for the view that there was a central and dominant Davidic hope. ... Second, the various messianic pretenders of the epoch of Jesus of Nazareth did not claim to be of Davidic descent. (p.38) Further, the immediate historical context of Athronges and Simon [whom some claim to be Messiah figures] was one in which various unlikely persons, namely, Judas Maccabeus (son of a poor priest) and Herod (son of an Idumean married to a Nabatean), had acquired the throne of Israel. The throne was there for the taking, but that did not mean the pretender claimed to be messianic or Davidic. If the claimant was of humble origin, as Athronges and Simon bar Gioras were, it will come as no surprise that he was a charismatic leader and that he appealed to the peasantry, promising justice for the poor. How else can a "nobody" achieve power unless he is charismatic? By what other means can he find a following among his own unless he promises a better future than the past had been? Athronges and Simon were formidable fighters, but so too was Herod. This hardly made Athronges or Simon or Herod a messiah. To be sure, a messiah was a king, but not every king was a Messiah. Raymond E. Brown is entirely justified in saying that "there is no evidence that any Jew claimed or was said to be the Messiah before Jesus of Nazareth (or until a century after his death)" and that to assert otherwise is to subscribe to a "fiction." (p.39) CHAPTER 3 - The Hellenistic Background to Jesus In A.D. 6 the Romans made Judea a province, with Caesarea Maritima the new capital. (p.48) The Ptolemies gave special attention to Israel as a temple state. They were concerned that the high priest not become, de facto, a king. Alongside the high priest they appointed a high-ranking official (postates tou hierou, "head of the temple"), answerable to them, as a counterbalance to the high priest. They also established a senate (gerousia, "council of elders") as a further check on the high priest. The Sanhedrin of New Testament times did not develop out of the covenantal history of Israel; it evolved from the Ptolemaic gerousia. This was a critical expression of Hellenism at the heart of Judaism. The Macedonian newcomers were quickly influenced by the divinely sanctioned king-centered culture of Egypt. Following the practice of the pharaohs, the Ptolemaic rulers claimed ownership of most of the land, which was worked by free tenants under strict supervision. In Israel, this represented a radical break from earlier covenantal practices, which allowed ordinary Israelites to own land and pass it on to their heirs. ... Hellenism changed the patterns of land ownership, farming and trade, effecting nothing less than an agricultural revolution in Israel during the Ptolemaic era. By the time of Jesus the agricultural world of Galilee owed more to the Ptolemaic era than to covenantal history. (p.49) By contrast with those caught up in the heady world of Hellenism, the poorer Jews strongly resisted the subtle and pervasive outside influences. (p.50) In the period 168-167 B.C. Antiochus moved to demolish the walls of the city. He established a Greek-style acropolis where the newly defined citizens met, the so-called Antiochenes of jerusalem. Worse, Antiochus launched a concerted attack on the fundamentals of the covenant faith of Israel. This he did through his new puppet high priest, Menelaus, a convinced Hellenizer, who had by then out-bribed Jason for the office. Menelaus, the first high priest in history who was not descended from Zadok the priest, discontinued temple services in the temple, destroyed copies of the Scriptures, forbade circumcision and abolished the covenantal food laws. In climax an altar dedicated to Zeus was erected upon the altar in the temple of Yahweh. Unclean animals (pigs) were sacrificed upon it. Altars in honor of Greco-Syrian deities were now set up throughout Israel, and local people were required to offer sacrifice. Henceforth it would be a capital offense to circumcise a son, possess as scroll of Scripture or refuse to eat swine sacrificed to idols. (p.52) Judas' rededication [of the Temple] is remembered annually by the Jews in the feast of Hannukah, "Dedication." The arrival of the Romans [general Pompey in 63 B.C.] created a climate of anxiety. Jews once more faced Gentile occupation, ore overtly onerouse that that of the Greeks three centuries earlier. The people could not look to the Hasmoneans. After Judas's initial success, that dynasty had quickly lost the support of the devout people. The hearts of the people longed for the arrival of the long-awaited deliverer, the kingly descendant of David, the Lord's Anointed, the Messiah. (p.61) The expectations of the Jews in the time of Jessu a century later appear to have been influenced by the Psalms of Solomon. Devout folk were looking for the "consolation of Israel .. the redemption of Jerusalem" (Lk 2:25, 38) and "the kingdom of God" (Mk 15:43). It was, however, to be based on the violent exclusion of the Gentiles. (p.62) CONCLUSION The impact of Hellenism on Israel was considerable. Wealthy jews - to generalize - succumbed to Hellensissm, gladly embracing its allure. By contrast, poorer Jews reacted bitterly against Hellenism. For some, like the early Hasmonaeans, the reaction was violent, a matter of "zeal." For others, like the Hasidaeans, the reaction was pious and passive. Among these the Pharisees continued as part of the temple-based wider community, expressing their separation by strict adherence to the laws of the covenant,as they would teach the people in the synagogues to do. Others - the Essenes - withdrew physically from the temple and teh community at large, settling at the edges of towns and cities. One group, known by senationaly archaeological discoveries, separated itself absolutely, establishing its monastery on the desert shores of the Dead Sea, where in a series of caves its life and beliefs lay hidden for two millenia. (p.63) Chapter 4 - Herod, Idumaean, King of the Jews Thus the Jews were destined to have not a righteous king of the line of David as hoped for in the Psalms of Solomon, but an Idumaean, a descendant of Israel's hated enemy, the Edomites, a people descended from Esau, the apostate brother of Jacob. The Jews were to suffer grievous oppression under Herod's rule for almost four decades. (p.70) Like his father, Herod flattered those above him while crushing the opposition beneath him. Herod was a prodigious warrior and hunter, as well as a resourceful and determined military leader. Once in powerthe removal of dynastic rivals by the new king was customary. Nonetheless, the ruthlessness and thoroughness of Herod's purges attract notice in the historical sources. (p.71) Hellenization continued and indeed was accelerated through Israel's most powerful king since Solomon, Herod the Great. (p.74) The ever-suspicious Herod surrounded himself with military units that were drawn not from Jewish but from non-Jewish sources - Germany, Thracia and Gaul. Early in his reign he appointed Boethus, an Alexandrian, as high priest in order to gain permission to marry Boethus's beautiful daughter Mariamne, thus also gaining control of the office of high priest. (p.75) Herod financed his massive building program and the maintenance of an expensive court by repressive taxation of the people at large and more particularly py pillaging the property of the wealthy aristocrats who stood outside the circle of his supporters ... The nine fortresses he established ... served as counterbalances for possible Jewish opposition and also provided dungouns for any who dared to express a criticism that might be overheard by Herod's extensive network of spies. (p.83) CHAPTER 5 - Jesus' Birth and Boyhood They took their name from Nazareth, the village so named as an enclave of Davidic descendants. James's people were followers of a netzer, a "Branch" of David, that had its origin in Nazareth. WE may surmise that the long uninhabited village, which found no mention in the Old Testament, came to take its name from the Davidides who settles there during the Maccabean era. The similarity between netzer and Nazareth is apparent. It was quite common for places to take their names from the tribe or clan who settled there, for example, Danites from Dan to the north of the Sea of Galilee. An association between Nazareth, the home of a natzoraios, a descendant of David, may be discerned in the owrds of Bartimaues, the blind beggar from Jericho. When he heard that Jesus the Natzoraios was passing by, he cried out, "Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me!" (Mk 10:47, Lk 18:37-38) According to custom Mary's father had betrother her for marriage, which probably was to occur in her middle or late teens.

Review # 2 was written on 2016-05-07 00:00:00 David Sharp Review – Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett Paul Barnett (Ph.D., London University) is recognized by many in the field of New Testament studies as one of the most respected historical scholars on the origins of Christianity. As well as being an Emeritus Faculty member of Moore Theological College, Barnett is currently a fellow in ancient history at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia and a teaching fellow at Regent College, Vancouver, Canada. Barnett has authored numerous books, including a number of commentaries and monographs related to the various aspects of New Testament studies. Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times has been long acknowledged as a quintessential classic at the top of Barnett’s lengthy literary corpus. Barnett guides the reader through the complexities of the Hellenistic backdrop that characterized much of the culture during the ministry of Jesus—from the incarnation to the resurrection—and the development of the New Testament Church. The approach is both comprehensive and readable, and Barnett firmly roots his research in primary source material. This affords the reader a better grasp of the New Testament from within its historical context, and thus, allows for a better recognition of the significance of the early Jesus movement within the first century world. The scope of this volume is quite impressive. Not only is the reader exposed to the historical landscape of the New Testament, but Barnett has likewise interwoven detailed interaction with contemporary critical scholarship concerning the Historical Jesus and other related issues. It is here that Barnett does well in demonstrating the historical shortcomings of the critical attempt to construct a chasm between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith. Moreover, the reader will certainly appreciate the emphasis Barnett places on the Christological motivation that underlined the missionary effort of the early Christian community, as well as the imperative nature of a bodily resurrection in early Christian worship. This is by any measure a breath of fresh air brought to a table that is far too often plagued with canonical discontinuity and confusion, and for this readers everywhere should rejoice! Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett is an invaluable resource that should be read and re-read by anyone interested in the origins of early Christianity. Barnett is judicious and clear as usual, and his treatment therein is nothing short of comprehensive. Barnett leaves the eager reader with nearly no stones left to turn. This is a volume that should be consulted by many and done so often, both in the church and in the academy. It comes highly recommended! I received a review copy of this book in exchange for an honest review. I was not required to write a positive review. The opinions I have expressed are my own. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255: “Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising.