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Introduction 1
Demand 5
A Reassessment of the Characterisation of Congestion on an Urban Road Network - Some Theoretical Suggestions and Illustrative Experiments T.P. Truong D.A. Hensher 7
Introduction 7
Defining 'Capacity' and 'Congestion' 8
Linking 'Capacity' and 'Congestion' Concepts to the Basic Individual Travel Activity across a Transport Link 11
Equilibrium Condition for a Heterogenous Population of Travellers 17
Application 19
Application to a Hypothetical Network of Two Parallel Links 21
An Illustrative Experiment Using Empirical Data from Some Sydney Road Links 23
Ccnclusions 31
References 31
Estimation of the Economic Value of Student Urban Travel Time P. Coto-Millan V. Inglada M.A. Pesquera R. Sainz N. Sanchez 33
Introduction 33
Overview of Time Value Theories 34
Train-McFadden's Synthesis Model (Compromise Model between Goods and Leisure Activities) 39
Jara-Diaz and Farah Model (1987) 41
Time Value in Journeys to Study Locations in Santander 42
The Data 43
Empirical Specifications 44
Empirical Results 45
Summary and Conclusions 46
References 47
Price and Income Elasticities for Intercity Public Transport in Spain P. Coto-Millan J. Banos-Pino G. Carrera-Gomez J. Castanedo-Galan M. A. Pesquera V. Inglada R. Sainz 51
Introduction 51
Theoretical Model 53
Empirical Evidence 56
Fitted Time Series Models 59
Conclusions 61
References 61
Supply and Efficiency 63
Classifying Urban Passenger Transportation Services W. K. Talley 65
Introduction 65
Service Structure and Type 66
Transit Services 67
Private Services 69
Paratransit Services 70
U. S. Street Railway and Motorbus Transit Services: A Historical Perspective 71
Street Railways 71
Street Railways and Motorbus Operators 73
Transit Decline: Post World War II 74
Summary 75
References 76
Analysis of the Allocative Efficiency in Public Firms: the Case of Railway P. Coto-Millan J. Banos-Pino A. Rodriguez-Alvarez 79
Introduction 79
Formalization of the Theoretical Model 80
Conclusions to the Theoretical Model 82
The Distance Function 82
Properties of the Distance Function 84
The Shadow Price Estimation through the Use of a Shephard Distance Function 85
The Functional Form 88
The Econometric Estimation 88
Data 89
Empirical Results 90
Summary and Conclusions 94
References 94
The Effect of Using Aggregated Output in the Economic Analysis of Cargo Handling Operations S. R. Jara-Diaz B. Tovar de la Fe L. Trujillo 97
Introduction: Cargo Handling in Multipurpose Port Terminals 97
Data and Aggregate Model Formulation 98
A Cost Function with Distinct Outputs 102
Comparisons and Discussion 105
Conclusion 106
References 107
Scale Economies, Elasticities of Substitution and Behaviour of the Railway Transport Costs in Spain P. Coto-Millan G. Carrera-Gomez V. Inglada R. Nunez-Sanchez J. Castanedo M. A. Pesquera R. Sainz 111
Introduction 111
The Model 112
The Data 115
Empirical Results 115
Summary and Conclusions 119
References 119
Efficiency Stochastic Frontiers: a Panel Data Analysis for Spanish Airports (1992-1994) P. Coto-Millan G. Carrera-Gomez J. Castanedo-Galan M. A. Pesquera V. Inglada R. Sainz R. Nunez-Sanchez 121
Introduction 121
The Model 122
The Data 124
Econometric Results 125
Conclusions 126
References 126
Multi-Output Analysis of the Costs and Productivity of Cargo Handling in Spanish Ports E. Martinez-Budria J. J. Diaz-Hernandez 127
Introduction 127
Cargo Handling Operations in Spain 128
The Theoretical Framework 131
Multi-Output Theory 131
Measurement and Decomposition of Productivity 132
The Model 134
The Normalized Quadratic Specification of Multi-Output Cost Function 134
The Data 135
Estimated Cost Function 136
Analysis of Results 136
Cost Structure 136
Analysis of Productivity and Technical Change 138
Summary and Conclusions 140
References 141
Estimated Coefficients 142
Market and Economic Impact Studies 145
Economic Impact Study: Application to Ports B. Francou G. Carrera-Gomez P. Coto-Millan J. Castanedo-Galan M. A. Pesquera 147
Introduction 147
Aims and Utility 148
Analysis of Different Methodologies 148
Methodology I 148
Methodology II 149
Methodology III 151
A Dynamic View of Port Impact Studies 152
Criticisms and Defences of Port Impact Studies 152
New Openings 155
Final Reflections 155
References 156
Airport Management and Airline Competition in OECD Markets G. Bel X. Fageda 159
Introduction 159
Airport Management Practices in OECD Countries 160
European Union 160
United States 166
Other Countries 172
Competition in the Air Transport Industry: the Interaction between Airports and Airlines 173
Airline Competition 173
Airport Competition 175
Concluding Remarks 178
References 179
Dynamising Economic Impact Studies: the Case of the Port of Seville J. I. Castillo L. Lopez-Valpuesta M. J. Aracil 183
Introduction 183
System Dynamics Model of the Port of Seville 185
Economic Impact of the Port of Seville on the Province of Seville 197
Dynamising Employment through the Simulation Model 198
Sensitivity Analysis 200
Main Results and Conclusions 203
References 209
Valuation of Benefits and Costs 217
Estimating the Economic Benefits of Bicycling and Bicycle Facilities: an Interpretive Review and Proposed Methods K. J. Krizec 219
Introduction 219
Overview of Issues Central to Estimating Bicycle Benefits 220
Review of Previous Research 225
Proposed Benefits and Methods 231
Summary and Conclusions 243
References 244
Valuation of Transport Externalities by Stated Choice Methods J. De Dios Ortuzar L. I. Rizzi 249
Introduction 249
Discrete Choice Models and Stated Choice Data 250
First Case Study: Urban Road Accidents 253
Second Case Study: Valuation of Local Air Pollution 260
Third Case Study: Valuation of Quietness 264
Summary 269
References 270
Externalities Analysis of Investments in Infrastructure: a Practical Approach P. Coto-Millan V. Inglada J. Castanedo-Galan M. A. Pesquera R. Nunez-Sanchez 273
Introduction 273
Evolution of Transport Demand 274
Transport Externalities 276
Concept 276
Internalization 276
Theoretical Framework 276
Valuation 277
Policy of Prices: the Case of Madrid-Seville 282
Elasticities 282
Results 283
Investment Policy: the Case of the Madrid-Seville AVE 284
Impact on Modal Distribution 284
Cost-Benefit Analysis 285
Results 286
Conclusions 287
References 288
Transportation Network and Information and Communications Technology 291
ITS-Based Transport Concepts and Location Preference: Will ITS Change 'Business as Usual'? R. Argiolu R. van der Heijden V. Marchau 293
Introduction 293
Theorizing Preferences Regarding Business Locations 295
Location Development, Matching Supply and Demand 299
Unfolding 'Attractiveness' of ITS 300
Location Development, the Link with ITS 303
Methodological Framework 309
Conclusion 312
References 313
The Economics of Transportation Network Growth L. Zhang D. Levinson 317
Introduction 317
Literature Review 318
An Analytical Model of Pricing, Capacity Choice and Ownership Structure 320
Demand Side: Models of Road Users 320
Supply Side: Road Provision Cost 323
Ownership and Policies: Models of Road Providers 324
A Numerical Example 325
Equilibrium Toll and Capacity under Various Ownership Regimes 327
Parallel Network 327
Serial Network 328
Returns to Scale 332
Parallel-Serial Network 333
Conclusions 334
References 335
Transport Network Development and the Location of Economic Activity A. Holl 341
Introduction 341
Literature Review: Transport Infrastructure Investment and the Location of Economic Activity 342
Empirical Evidence 343
Dynamic Effects - the Spanish Motorway Building Programme 350
Data and Variables 351
Estimation and Empirical Results 354
Conclusions 356
References 358
Mapping the Terrain of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Household Travel K. J. Krizec A. Johnson 363
Introduction 363
Part I) Previous Research 365
Part 2) Trends and Issues for Further Research 371
Summary 377
References 378
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