Charging the Internal Combustion Engine Book

Symbols, indices and abbreviations     XII
Introduction and short history of supercharging     1
Basic principles and objectives of supercharging     5
Interrelationship between cylinder charge and cylinder work as well as between charge mass flow and engine power output     5
Interrelationship between cylinder charge and cylinder work     5
Interrelationship between charge mass flow and engine power output     6
Influence of charge air cooling     8
Definitions and survey of supercharging methods     9
Supercharging by means of gasdynamic effects     9
Intake manifold resonance charging     9
Helmholtz resonance charging     11
Supercharging with supercharging units     13
Charger pressure-volume flow map     13
Displacement compressor     14
Turbo compressor     15
Interaction between supercharger and internal combustion engine     17
Pressure-volume flow map of the piston engine     17
Interaction of two- and four-stroke engines with various superchargers     20
Thermodynamics of supercharging     23
Calculation of charger and turbine performance     23
Energy balance of the supercharged engines' work process     24
Engine high-pressure process     24
Gas exchange cycle low-pressure processes     24
Utilization of exhaust gas energy     25
Efficiency increase by supercharging     26
Characteristic values for the description of the gas exchange and engine efficiencies     26
Influencing the engine's total efficiency value via supercharging     30
Influence of supercharging on exhaust gas emissions     31
Gasoline engine     33
Diesel engine     33
Methods for exhaust gas aftertreatment     34
Thermal and mechanical stress on the supercharged internal combustion engine     34
Thermal stress     34
Mechanical stress     35
Modeling and computer-aided simulation of supercharged engines     36
Introduction to numeric process simulation     36
Cycle simulation of the supercharged engine     37
Numeric 3-D simulation of flow processes     48
Numeric simulation of the supercharged engine in connection with the user system     49
Mechanical supercharging     51
Application areas for mechanical supercharging     51
Energy balance for mechanical supercharging     52
Control possibilities for the delivery flow of mechanical superchargers     53
Four-stroke engines     53
Two-stroke engines     55
Designs and systematics of mechanically powered compressors     55
Displacement, compressors     55
Turbo compressors     59
Exhaust gas turbocharging     60
Objectives and applications for exhaust gas turbocharging     60
Basic fluid mechanics of turbocharger components     60
Energy transfer in turbo machines     60
Compressors     61
Turbines     65
Energy balance of the charging system     74
Matching of the turbocharger     75
Possibilities for the use of exhaust energy and the resulting exhaust system design     75
Turbine design and control     82
Compressor design and control     89
Layout and optimization of the gas manifolds and the turbocharger components by means of cycle and CFD simulations     92
Layout criteria     92
Examples of numeric simulation of engines with exhaust gas turbocharging     97
Verification of the simulation     101
Special processes with use of exhaust gas turbocharging     105
Two-stage turbocharging     105
Controlled two-stage turbocharging      106
Register charging     108
Single-stage register charging     108
Two-stage register charging     110
Turbo cooling and the Miller process     113
Turbo cooling     113
The Miller process     114
Turbocompound process     116
Mechanical energy recovery     117
Electric energy recovery     119
Combined charging and special charging processes     121
Differential compound charging     121
Mechanical auxiliary supercharging     122
Supported exhaust gas turbocharging     124
Comprex pressure-wave charging process     125
Hyperbar charging process     128
Design of combined supercharging processes via thermodynamic cycle simulations     129
Performance characteristics of supercharged engines     133
Load response and acceleration behavior     133
Torque behavior and torque curve     134
High-altitude behavior of supercharged engines     135
Stationary and slow-speed engines     137
Generator operation     138
Operation in propeller mode     139
Acceleration supports     140
Special problems of turbocharging two-stroke engines     141
Transient operation of a four-stroke ship engine with register charging     143
Operating behavior of supercharged engines in automotive applications     144
Requirements for use in passenger vehicles     144
Requirements for use in trucks     145
Other automotive applications     146
Transient response of the exhaust gas turbocharged engine     146
Passenger car application     147
Truck application     148
Exhaust gas turbocharger layout for automotive application     151
Steady-state layout     151
Transient layout     154
Numerical simulation of the operating behavior of the engine in interaction with the total vehicle system     158
Special problems of supercharged gasoline and natural gas engines     159
Knocking combustion     159
Problems of quantity control     161
Charger control intervention and control philosophies for fixed-geometry and VTG chargers     162
Basic problems of exhaust gas turbocharger control     162
Fixed-geometry exhaust gas turbochargers     163
Control interaction possibilities for stationary operating conditions     163
Transient control strategies     166
Part-load and emission control parameters and control strategies     170
Exhaust gas turbocharger with variable turbine geometry     173
General control possibilities and strategies for chargers     173
Control strategies for improved steady-state operation     173
Control strategies for improved transient operation     175
Special control strategies for increased engine braking performance     177
Special problems of supercharged gasoline and natural gas engines     179
Schematic layout of electronic waste gate and VTG control systems     179
Evaluation of VTG control strategies via numerical simulation models     181
Instrumentation for recording the operating data of supercharged engines on the engine test bench     184
Measurement layout     185
Engine torque     185
Engine speed     186
Turbocharger speed     187
Engine air mass flow     188
Fuel mass flow     189
Engine blowby     189
Pressure and temperature data     189
Emission data     191
Mechanics of superchargers     194
Displacement compressors     194
Housing and rotors: sealing and cooling     194
Bearing and lubrication      195
Exhaust gas turbochargers     195
Small chargers     195
Housing: design, cooling and sealing     195
Rotor assembly: load and material selection     198
Bearing, lubrication, and shaft dynamics     199
Production     200
Large chargers     202
Design, housing, cooling, sealing     202
Rotor assembly     205
Production     207
Charge air coolers and charge air cooling systems     208
Basics and characteristics     208
Design variants of charge air coolers     209
Water-cooled charge air coolers     211
Air-to-air charge air coolers     212
Full-aluminum charge air coolers     212
Charge air cooling systems     213
Outlook and further developments in supercharging     215
Supercharging technologies: trends and perspectives     215
Development trends for individual supercharging systems     215
Mechanical chargers     215
Exhaust gas turbochargers     216
Supercharging systems and combinations     217
Summary     221
Examples of supercharged production engines     222
Supercharged gasoline engines     222
Passenger car diesel engines     233
Truck diesel engines     242
Aircraft engines     245
High-performance high-speed engines (locomotive and ship engines)     245
Medium-speed engines (gas and heavy-oil operation)     248
Slow-speed engines (stationary and ship engines)     251
Appendix     255
References     259
Subject index     265