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List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Definitions 1
1.1 History 3
1.2 Petroleum 5
1.3 Heavy Oil 13
1.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 16
1.5 Validity of the Definitions 19
1.6 Conclusions 24
1.7 References 26
Chapter 2 Origin and Occurrence 29
2.1 Origin of Petroleum and Heavy Oil 33
2.1.1 Abiogenic Origin 33
2.1.2 Biogenic Origin 34
2.1.3 Occurrence and Distribution 35
2.2 Reservoirs 39
2.3 Reserves 42
2.3.1 Definitions 42
2.3.2 The Real Numbers 48
2.4 Production 49
2.5 Oil Pricing 51
2.5.1 Oil Price History 52
2.5.2 Pricing Strategies 53
2.5.3 The Role of Heavy Oil in the Future 55
2.6 References 56
Chapter 3 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids 59
3.1 Reservoirs 60
3.1.1 Structural Traps 62
3.1.2 Heterogeneity 64
3.2 Classes of Fluids 66
3.3 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 69
3.3.1 Sampling Methods 70
3.3.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 73
3.4 Physical (Bulk) Composition and Molecular Weight 75
3.4.1 Sampling 76
3.4.2 Asphaltene Separation 76
3.4.3 Fractionation 79
3.4.4 Molecular Weight 82
3.5 Reservoir Evaluation 89
3.6 References 92
Chapter 4 Properties 95
4.1 Physical Properties 97
4.1.1 Sampling 99
4.1.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 100
4.1.3 Metals Content 101
4.1.4 Density and Specific Gravity 102
4.1.5 Viscosity 104
4.2 Thermal Properties 106
4.2.1 Carbon Residue 106
4.2.2 Specific Heat 107
4.2.3 Heat of Combustion 107
4.2.4 Volatility 108
4.2.5 Liquefaction and Solidification 117
4.2.6 Solubility 118
4.3 Metals Content 120
4.4 References 125
Chapter 5 Exploration and General Methods for Oil Recovery 133
5.1 Exploration 134
5.2 Primary Recovery (Natural) Methods147
5.3 Secondary Recovery 152
5.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery 162
5.4.1 Thermal Recovery Methods 163
5.4.2 Gas Flood Recovery Methods 168
5.4.3 Chemical Flood Recovery Methods 174
5.5 References 180
Chapter 6 Nonthermal Methods of Recovery 185
6.1 Primary Recovery (Natural) Methods 187
6.2 Secondary Recovery Methods 190
6.2.1 Waterflooding 191
6.2.2 Gas Injection 193
6.2.3 Cold Production 194
6.2.4 Pressure Pulse Technology 198
6.2.5 Solvent Processes 199
6.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods 200
6.3.1 Alkaline Flooding 201
6.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Flooding 203
6.3.3 Cyclic Carbon Dioxide Stimulation 205
6.3.4 Nitrogen Flooding 206
6.3.5 Polymer Flooding 206
6.3.6 Micellar Polymer Flooding 207
6.3.7 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery 208
6.4 Oil Mining 211
6.5 References 217
Chapter 7 Thermal Methods of Recovery 221
7.1 Hot-Fluid Injection 224
7.2 Steam-Based Methods 227
7.2.1 Steam Drive Injection (Steam Injection) 230
7.2.2 Cyclic Steam Injection 230
7.2.3 Steam Drive 234
7.3 In Situ Combustion Processes 234
7.3.1 Forward Combustion 238
7.3.2 Reverse Combustion 240
7.3.3 The THAI Process 244
7.4 Other Processes 247
7.4.1 Horizontal Well Technology 247
7.4.2 Inert Gas Technology 248
7.4.3 Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) 249
7.4.4 Hybrid Processes 253
7.5 In Situ Upgrading 254
7.6 References 256
Chapter 8 Upgrading Heavy Oil 261
8.1 Surface Upgrading 263
8.1.1 Thermal Cracking Processes 267
8.1.2 Catalytic Cracking Processes 271
8.1.3 Hydrogen Addition Processes 275
8.1.4 Solvent Processes 277
8.2 In Situ Upgrading 285
8.2.1 Solvent-Based Processes 287
8.2.2 Bulk Thermal Processes 288
8.3 References 292
App A Conversion Factors 295
Glossary 297
Index 335
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Add Enhanced Recovery Methods for Heavy Oil and Tar Sands, Recent oil price fluctuations continue to stress the need for more efficient recovery of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen resources. With conventional production steadily declining, advances in enhanced recovery will be required so that oil production can b, Enhanced Recovery Methods for Heavy Oil and Tar Sands to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Enhanced Recovery Methods for Heavy Oil and Tar Sands, Recent oil price fluctuations continue to stress the need for more efficient recovery of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen resources. With conventional production steadily declining, advances in enhanced recovery will be required so that oil production can b, Enhanced Recovery Methods for Heavy Oil and Tar Sands to your collection on WonderClub |