Nanofluidics Book

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Classical Areas Related to Nanofluidics 1

1.2 Technology Developments Leading to Nanofluidics 3

1.3 New Phenomena and Applications of Nanofluidics 4

1.4 Organization of the Book 6

Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Mass Transport at the Nanoscale 9

2.1 Fluid Flow at the Microscale 9

2.1.1 Scaling Laws 9

2.1.2 Continuum Model 11

2.1.3 Pressure-Driven Flow 13

2.1.4 Capillary Flow 19

2.1.5 Electrokinetic Flow 22

2.1.6 Mixing in Microscale 34

2.2 From Microscale to Nanoscale 41

2.2.1 Continuum Assumption 41

2.2.2 Kinetic Theory 43

2.2.3 Molecular Dynamics and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) 46

2.3 Diffusion in Nanochannels 48

2.3.1 Knudsen Diffusion in Nanochannels 48

2.3.2 Hindered Diffusion in Nanochannels 49

2.4 Electrokinetics in Nanochannels 49

2.5 Water in Nanochannels 51

2.6 Capillary Filling in a Nanochannel 53

2.6.1 Modeling of the Filling Process 53

2.6.2 Asymptotic Solutions 59

2.7 Nanofilters 63

2.7.1 Electrostatic Effect 64

2.7.2 Reptation Effect 65

2.7.3 Steric Effect 66

2.7.4 Entropic Effect 66

References 67

Selected Bibliography 69

Chapter 3 Fabrication Technologies of Nanochannels 71

3.1 Basics About Micro-and Nanofabrication 71

3.1.1 Silicon/Glass Micro-and Nanofabrication 72

3.1.2 Polymer Micro-and Nanofabrication 103

3.2 Application to Micro-and Nanofluidic Systems 109

3.2.1 Microfluidic Devices 117

3.2.2 Nanofluidic Devices 117

References 127

Chapter 4 Applications of Micro-and Nanofluidics 141

4.1 Microfluidics and Lab-on-Chips 142

4.1.1 Biomolecular Analyses 142

4.1.2 Microfluidics Beyond Biomolecular Analyses 155

4.2 Handling Ions by Electrokinetic Effectsin Nanochannels 159

4.2.1 Nanofluidic Resistors as Surface Charge Sensors 159

4.2.2 Semipermeability and Preconcentration 163

4.2.3 Routing Ions by Nanofluidic Electronics 167

4.3 Separations in Nanofluidic Devices 170

4.3.1 Batch Separations 170

4.3.2 Continuous-Flow Separations 174

4.4 Linear Analysis of Biomolecules 178

4.4.1 Why Stretching DNA? 178

4.4.2 Sizing Confined DNA? 179

4.4.3 Nanopore Sequencing 180

References 181

Chapter 5 Conclusion 197

About the Authors 199

Index 201