Removal of Algal Toxins from Drinking Water Using Ozone and Gac Book

	List of Tables
	List of Figures
	Foreword
	Acknowledgments
	Executive Summary
Ch. 1	Background	1
	Cyanobacteria and their Toxins	1
	Treatment Options	5
	Research Objectives	9
Ch. 2	Isolation, Purification and Analysis of Toxins	11
	Isolation and Purification of Toxins	11
	Analysis	15
Ch. 3	Laboratory Scale Ozonation Experiments	19
	Ozonation of Toxins in Four Waters	19
	Estimation of Ct (Concentration X Time) Values	39
	Toxicity Assessment	46
Ch. 4	Pilot Scale Ozone/Gac Trials	55
	Background	55
	Pilot Plant Design	57
	Experimental Design	61
	Hope Valley Pilot Study	62
	Myponga Pilot Study	73
	Comparison of Hope Valley and Myponga Pilot Studies	84
Ch. 5	Laboratory Scale Gac Trials	91
	Saxitoxin Removal	91
	Microcystin Removal	99
Ch. 6	Biodegradation of Microcystin LR and LA	105
	Experiment 1: Biodegradation in Enriched Medium	105
	Experiment 2: Biodegradation in Enriched and Non-Enriched Myponga Water	107
	Experiment 3: Biodegradation by Individual Identified Bacterial Isolates, and Known Microcystin Degrading Bacteria	110
	Experiment 4: Biodegradation in Hope Valley and Myponga Water	112
Ch. 7	Recommendations to Utilities	117
	Microcystins	117
	Saxitoxins	118
	Anatoxin-a	118
	References	121
	List of Abbreviations	131