Applications of Circulation Control Technology Book

	Preface
I	Overview
Chapter 1	Advantages of Combining BLC Suction with Circulation Control High-Lift Generation	3
	Nomenclature	3
	Introduction	4
	Designing a CC Technology Demonstrator STOL Aircraft	5
	1974 Flight Testing of the WVU CC Technology Demonstrator	12
	1979 CC Flight Tests with a Grumman Aerospace A-6A	16
	Conclusions	18
	References	20
Chapter 2	Overview of Circulation Control Pneumatic Aerodynamics: Blown Force and Moment Augmentation and Modification as Applied Primarily to Fixed-Wing Aircraft	23
	Nomenclature	23
	Introduction	24
	Coanda Effect	25
	Applications of Circulation Control, Past and Present	28
	Powered Lift and Engine Thrust Deflection	48
	Other Aircraft Applications	53
	Nonflying Applications of Circulation Control	57
	Conclusions	63
	References	64
Chapter 3	Exploratory Investigations of Circulation Control Technology: Overview for Period 1987-2003 at NSWCCD	69
	Nomenclature	69
	Introduction	70
	Dual-Slotted Cambered Airfoil (LSB)	70
	Self-Driven Rotary Thruster (TIPJET)	73
	Annular Wing (CC-Duct)	79
	Circular Wing (CC-Disc)	85
	Miniature Oscillatory Valve (CC-Valve) for Unsteady Wing Load Reduction	91
	Dual-Slotted Low Aspect Ratio Wing (CC Hydrofoil)	93
	Status of Design Capability	99
	Conclusions	100
	References	101
II.A	Experiments and Applications: Fundamental Flow Physics
Chapter 4	Measurement and Analysis of Circulation Control Airfoils	105
	Nomenclature	105
	Introduction	106
	Experimental Details	107
	Sample Results	107
	Conclusions	112
	References	112
Chapter 5	Some Circulation and Separation Control Experiments	113
	Nomenclature	113
	Introduction	114
	Discussion of Results	118
	Conclusions	162
	Acknowledgments	164
	References	164
Chapter 6	Noise Reduction Through Circulation Control	167
	Nomenclature	167
	Introduction	168
	Background	169
	Facilities and Instrumentation	171
	Technical Approach	173
	Results and Discussion	174
	Conclusions	184
	Acknowledgments	186
	References	186
II.B	Experiments and Applications: Aerospace
Chapter 7	Pneumatic Flap Performance for a Two-Dimensional Circulation Control Airfoil	191
	Nomenclature	191
	Introduction	192
	NASA CC Requirements	193
	Theoretical Considerations	195
	GACC Airfoil Design	202
	Experimental Setup	207
	Airfoil Performance	216
	Conclusions	236
	Appendix	237
	References	241
Chapter 8	Trailing Edge Circulation Control of an Airfoil at Transonic Mach Numbers	245
	Nomenclature	245
	Introduction	246
	Model Description	247
	Instrumentation	251
	Facility	252
	Test Procedures and Conditions	253
	Test Conditions	254
	Discussion of Results	254
	Conclusions	263
	Acknowledgments	275
	References	275
Chapter 9	Experimental and Computational Investigation into the Use of the Coanda Effect on the Bell A821201 Airfoil	277
	Nomenclature	277
	Introduction	278
	Experimental Apparatus and Procedure	279
	Computational Model and Procedure	282
	Experimental Results	285
	Computational Results	286
	Conclusions	290
	References	291
Chapter 10	Novel Flow Control Method for Airfoil Performance Enhancement Using Co-Flow Jet	293
	Nomenclature	293
	Introduction	294
	Results and Discussion	296
	Conclusions	311
	Acknowledgments	312
	References	312
Chapter 11	Experimental Development and Evaluation of Pneumatic Powered-Lift Super-STOL Aircraft	315
	Nomenclature	315
	Introduction	316
	Experimental Apparatus and Test Techniques	320
	Wind-Tunnel Evaluations and Results	321
	Comparison of Measurements and Predictions	331
	Potential Applications	333
	Conclusions	333
	Acknowledgments	335
	References	335
Chapter 12	Use of Circulation Control for Flight Control	337
	Nomenclature	337
	Introduction	338
	Half-Span Cropped-Delta Model	339
	Full-Span UAV Configuration	345
	Conclusions	352
	Acknowledgments	353
	References	353
II.C	Experiments and Applications: Nonaerospace
Chapter 13	Pneumatic Aerodynamic Technology to Improve Performance and Control of Automotive Vehicles	357
	Nomenclature	357
	Introduction	357
	Basics of Pneumatic Circulation Control Aerodynamics	358
	DOE Pneumatic Heavy Vehicle Model Test Results	360
	Pneumatic HV Fuel Economy Testing	367
	Updated Wind Tunnel Evaluations	371
	Pneumatic Sport Utility Vehicles (PSUVs)	374
	Conclusions	379
	Recommendations	380
	Acknowledgments	381
	References	381
Chapter 14	Aerodynamic Heat Exchanger: A Novel Approach to Radiator Design Using Circulation Control	383
	Nomenclature	383
	Introduction	383
	Technical Approach	386
	Results	389
	Conclusions	395
	Acknowledgments	397
	References	397
III.A	Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: NCCR 1510 Airfoil Test Case
Chapter 15	Investigation of Turbulent Coanda Wall Jets Using DNS and RANS	401
	Nomenclature	401
	Introduction	402
	Investigated Configurations	403
	Numerical Approach	404
	Turbulent Wall Jet on a Circular Cylinder	405
	Circulation Control Airfoil	415
	Conclusions	418
	Acknowledgments	419
	References	419
Chapter 16	RANS and Detached-Eddy Simulation of the NCCR Airfoil	421
	Nomenclature	421
	Introduction	422
	Geometry, Conditions, and Data	424
	Computational Methods	425
	Grid Generation	427
	Initial and Boundary Conditions	429
	Results	430
	Conclusions	441
	Acknowledgments	442
	References	442
Chapter 17	Full Reynolds-Stress Modeling of Circulation Control Airfoils	445
	Nomenclature	445
	Introduction	446
	Mathematical Development	448
	Results	453
	Conclusions	465
	Acknowledgments	465
	References	465
III.B	Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: NCCR 103RE Airfoil Test Case
Chapter 18	Aspects of Numerical Simulation of Circulation Control Airfoils	469
	Nomenclature	469
	Introduction	470
	Geometry and Grid	472
	Numerical Method	475
	Boundary and Initial Conditions	476
	Turbulence Modeling	476
	Jet Momentum Coefficient	478
	Numerical Results	478
	Conclusions	495
	Acknowledgments	497
Appendix	Coordinates of 103RE Airfoil	497
	References	497
Chapter 19	Role of Turbulence Modeling in Flow Prediction of Circulation Control Airfoils	499
	Nomenclature	499
	Introduction	500
	Formulation of the Problem	501
	Results and Discussion	502
	Conclusions	510
	Acknowledgments	510
	References	510
III.C	Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: GACC Airfoil Test Case
Chapter 20	Simulation of Steady Circulation Control for the General Aviation Circulation Control (GACC) Wing	513
	Nomenclature	513
	Introduction	514
	Geometry, Conditions, and Data	515
	Computational Methods	516
	Grid Generation	518
	Initial and Boundary Conditions	521
	Computational Resources	523
	Results	523
	Conclusions	536
	Acknowledgments	537
	References	537
Chapter 21	Computational Study of a Circulation Control Airfoil Using FLUENT	539
	Nomenclature	539
	Introduction	540
	Configurations and Experiments	541
	Numerical Approach	542
	Results	545
	Conclusions	552
	Acknowledgments	553
	References	553
III.D	Tools for Predicting Circulation Control Performance: Additional CFD Applications
Chapter 22	Computational Evaluation of Steady and Pulsed Jet Effects on a Circulation Control Airfoil	557
	Nomenclature	557
	Introduction	558
	Mathematical and Numerical Formulation	559
	Results and Discussion	561
	Conclusions	575
	Acknowledgment	575
	References	575
Chapter 23	Time-Accurate Simulations of Synthetic Jet-Based Flow Control for a Spinning Projectile	579
	Nomenclature	579
	Introduction	580
	Computational Methodology	581
	Projectile Geometry and Computational Grid	584
	Results	586
	Conclusions	594
	References	595
IV	Exploring a Visionary Use of Circulation Control
Chapter 24	Coanda Effect and Circulation Control for Nonaeronautical Applications	599
	Introduction	599
	Applications	600
	Conclusions	612
	Acknowledgments	612
	References	612
	Index	615
	Author Index	623
	Supporting Materials	625