Power Definitions and the Physical Mechanism of Power Flow Book

Preface.

1 Electric Energy Flow: Physical Mechanisms.

1.1 Problems.

1.2 References.

2 Single–Phase SystemsWith Sinusoidal Waveforms.

2.1 The Resistance.

2.2 The Inductance.

2.3 The Capacitance.

2.4 The R – L – C Loads.

2.5 The Apparent Power.

2.6 The Concept of Power Factor and Power Factor Correction.

2.7 Comments on Power Factor.

2.8 Other Means of Reactive Power Control and Compensation.

2.9 Series Compensation.

2.10 Reactive Power Caused by Mechanical Components that Store Energy.

2.11 Physical Interpretation of Instantaneous Powers by Means of Poynting Vector.

2.12 Problems.

2.13 References.

3 Single–Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms.

3.1 The Linear Resistance.

3.2 The Linear Inductance.

3.3 The Linear Capacitance.

3.4 The Linear Series R – L – C Circuit.

3.5 The Nonlinear Resistance.

3.6 The Nonlinear Inductance

3.7 Nonlinear Load: The General Case.

3.8 Problems.

3.9 References.

4 Apparent Power Resolution for Nonsinusoidal Single–Phase Systems.

4.1 Constantin I. Budeanu's Method.

4.2 Stanislaw Fryze's Method.

4.3 Manfred Depenbrock's Method.

4.4 Leszek Czarnecki's Method.

4.5 The Author's Method.

4.6 Comparison Among the Methods.

4.7 Power Factor Compensation.

4.8 Comments on Skin Effect, Apparent Power and Power Factor.

4.9 The Additiveness Problem.

4.10 Problems.

4.11 References.

5 Three–Phase Systems with Sinusoidal Waveforms.

5.1 Background: The Balanced and Symmetrical System.

5.2 The Three–Phase Unbalanced System.

5.3 The Power Factor Dilemma.

5.4 Powers and Symmetrical Components.

5.5 Effective Apparent Power Resolutions.

5.6 Problems.

5.7 References.

6 Three–Phase Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions.

6.1 The Vector Apparent Power Approach.

6.2 The IEEE standard 1459 – 2000's Approach.

6.3 The DIN 40110's Approach.

6.4 Observations and Suggestions.

6.5 Problems.

6.6 References.

7 Power Definitions for Time-Varying Loads.

7.1 Background: Basic Example.

7.2 Single–Phase, Sinusoidal Case.

7.3 Single-Phase, Nonsinusoidal Case.

7.4 Three-Phase Sinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition.

7.5 Three-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition.

7.6 Problems.

7.7 References.

8 Appendices.

8.1 Appendix I: The Electrostatic Field Distribution in a Coaxial Cable.

8.2 Appendix II: Poynting Vector due to Displacement Current.

8.3 Appendix III: Electric Field Caused by a Time–VaryingMagnetic Field.

8.4 Appendix IV: The ElectromagneticWave Along the Three–Phase Line.

8.5 Appendix V: Equation (5.99).

8.6 Appendix VI: Maximum Active Power (Three–Phase, Four–Wire System).

8.7 Appendix VII: About the Ratio ρ = Rs/Rn.

8.8 Appendix VIII: The use of varmeters in the presence of nonsinusoidal and asymmetrical voltages and currents.

8.9 References.