CISSP For Dummies Book

Introduction     1
About This Book     1
How This Book Is Organized     2
Certification Basics     2
Domains     2
The Part of Tens     2
Appendixes and Bonus Chapters     2
How the Chapters Are Organized     3
Chapter introductions     3
Study subjects     3
Tables and illustrations     3
Prep Tests     4
Icons Used in This Book     4
Let's Get Started!     5
Certification Basics     7
(ISC)[subscript 2] and the CISSP Certification     9
About (ISC)[superscript 2] and the CISSP Certification     9
You Must Be This Tall to Ride (And Other Minimum Requirements)     10
Registering for the Exam     11
Developing a Study Plan     12
Self-study     13
Getting hands-on experience     14
Attending an (ISC)[superscript 2] CISSP review seminar     14
Attending other training courses or study groups     15
Are you ready for the exam?     15
About the CISSP Examination     16
Waiting for Your Results     17
The Common Body of Knowledge (CBK)     19
Access Control     19
Telecommunications and Network Security     20
Information Security and Risk Management     21
Application Security     21
Cryptography     22
Security Architecture and Design     22
Operations Security     23
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning     23
Legal, Regulations, Compliance, and Investigations     24
Physical (Environmental) Security     24
Putting Your Certification to Good Use     25
Following the (ISC) [superscript 2] Code of Ethics     26
Keeping Your Certification Current     27
Remaining an Active (ISC)[superscript 2] Member     27
Considering (ISC)[superscript 2] Volunteer Opportunities     28
Writing certification exam questions     28
Speaking at events     29
Supervising examinations     29
Writing articles for the (ISC)[superscript 2] Journal or (ISC)[superscript 2] Newsletter     29
Participating in (ISC[superscript 2] focus groups     30
Getting involved with a study group     30
Becoming an Active Member of Your Local Security Chapter     30
Spreading the Good Word about CISSP Certification      31
Promoting other certifications     32
Wearing the colors proudly     32
Using Your CISSP Certification to Be an Agent of Change     33
Earning Other Certifications     33
Other (ISC)[superscript 2] certifications     34
Non-(ISC)[superscript 2] certifications     34
Choosing the right certifications     36
Domains     37
Access Control     39
Uncovering Concepts of Access Control     40
Control types     40
Access control services     42
Categories of Access Control     43
System access controls     43
Data access controls     63
Evaluating and Testing Access Controls     67
Why test?     67
When and how to test     68
Additional References     69
Telecommunications and Network Security     73
Data Network Types     73
Local area network (LAN)     74
Wide area network (WAN)     74
The OSI Reference Model     75
Physical Layer (Layer 1)     76
Data Link Layer (Layer 2)     81
Network Layer (Layer 3)     92
Transport Layer (Layer 4)      94
Session Layer (Layer 5)     97
Presentation Layer (Layer 6)     98
Application Layer (Layer 7)     98
The TCP/IP Model     100
Network Security     100
Firewalls     101
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)     105
Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS and IPS)     108
Remote access     109
E-mail, Web, Facsimile, and Telephone Security     112
E-mail security     112
Web security     115
Facsimile security     115
PBX fraud and abuse     116
Caller ID fraud and abuse     116
Network Attacks and Countermeasures     117
SYN flood     117
ICMP flood     117
UDP flood     118
Smurf     118
Fraggle     118
Teardrop     118
Session hijacking (Spoofing)     118
Additional References     119
Information Security and Risk Management     123
Information Security Management Concepts and Principles     123
Confidentiality     124
Integrity     125
Availability      125
Defense-in-depth     125
Avoiding single points of failure     126
Data Classification     127
Commercial data classification     127
Government data classification     128
Mission Statements, Goals, and Objectives     129
Mission (not so impossible)     129
Goals and objectives     129
Policies, Standards, Guidelines, and Procedures     130
Policies     131
Standards (and baselines)     131
Guidelines     131
Procedures     132
Information Security Management Practices     132
Outsourcing     132
Internal Service Level Agreements (SLAs)     132
Identity management     132
Certification and accreditation     133
Personnel Security Policies and Practices     133
Background checks and security clearances     133
Employment agreements     134
Hiring and termination practices     134
Job descriptions     135
Security roles and responsibilities     135
Separation of duties and responsibilities     138
Job rotations     138
Risk Management Concepts      138
Risk identification     139
Risk analysis     141
Risk control     144
Security Education, Training, and Awareness Programs     146
Awareness     146
Training     147
Education     147
Additional References     148
Application Security     153
Distributed Applications     154
Security in distributed systems     154
Agents     155
Applets     155
Object-Oriented Environments     157
Databases     158
Database security     159
Data dictionaries     160
Data warehouses     160
Knowledge-Based Systems     161
Expert systems     161
Neural networks     162
Systems Development Life Cycle     162
Conceptual definition     164
Functional requirements     164
Functional specifications     164
Design     165
Coding     165
Code review     166
Unit test     166
System test     166
Certification     167
Accreditation      167
Maintenance     167
Notes about the life cycle     168
Change Management     168
Configuration Management     169
Application Security Controls     169
Process isolation     169
Hardware segmentation     169
Separation of privilege     170
Accountability     170
Defense in depth     170
Abstraction     171
Data hiding     171
System high mode     171
Security kernel     171
Reference monitor     171
Supervisor and user modes     172
Service Level Agreements     172
System Attack Methods     173
Malicious code     173
Denial of Service     177
Dictionary attacks     177
Spoofing     178
Social engineering     178
Pseudo flaw     178
Remote maintenance     179
Maintenance hooks     179
Sniffing and eavesdropping     179
Traffic analysis and inference     180
Brute force     180
Antivirus software     180
Perpetrators     182
Hackers      182
Script kiddies     182
Virus writers     182
Bot herders     183
Phreakers     183
Black hats and white hats     183
Additional References     184
Cryptography     189
The Role of Cryptography in Information Security     190
Cryptography Basics     191
Classes of ciphers     191
Types of ciphers     191
Key clustering     193
Putting it all together: The cryptosystem     194
Encryption and decryption     195
He said, she said: The concept of non-repudiation     196
A disposable cipher: The one-time pad     196
Plaintext and ciphertext     196
Work factor: Force x effort = work!     197
Cryptography Alternatives     197
Steganography: A picture is worth a thousand (hidden) words     197
Digital watermarking: The (ouch) low watermark     198
Not Quite the Metric System: Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Systems     198
Symmetric key cryptography     198
Asymmetric key cryptography     203
Message Authentication     207
Digital signatures     208
Message digests     208
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)     210
Key Management Functions     210
Key generation     211
Key distribution     211
Key installation     211
Key storage     211
Key change     211
Key control     211
Key disposal     212
Key Escrow and Key Recovery     212
E-Mail Security Applications     212
Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)     212
MIME Object Security Services (MOSS)     213
Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)     213
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)     213
Internet Security Applications     213
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS)     214
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)     214
IPSec     215
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)     216
Secure Shell (SSH-2)     216
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)     216
Methods of Attack     217
The Birthday Attack     217
Ciphertext Only Attack (COA)     218
Chosen Text Attack (CTA)     218
Known Plaintext Attack (KPA)      218
Man-in-the-Middle     218
Meet-in-the-Middle     219
Replay Attack     219
Additional References     219
Security Architecture and Design     223
Computer Architecture     223
Hardware     224
Firmware     228
Software     228
Security Architecture     229
Trusted Computing Base (TCB)     229
Open and closed systems     230
Protection rings     230
Security modes     230
Recovery procedures     231
Issues in security architectures     231
Access Control Models     232
Bell-LaPadula     233
Access Matrix     233
Take-Grant     234
Biba     234
Clark-Wilson     234
Information Flow     235
Non-interference     235
Evaluation Criteria     235
Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC)     235
Trusted Network Interpretation (TNI)     239
European Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC)     239
Common Criteria     240
System Certification and Accreditation      241
DITSCAP     242
NIACAP     242
Additional References     243
Operations Security     247
Security Operations Concepts     247
Antivirus and malware management     248
Making backups of critical information     248
Need-to-know     249
Least privilege     249
Privileged functions     250
Privacy     250
Legal requirements     251
Illegal activities     251
Record retention     252
Handling sensitive information     252
Remote access     253
Threats and Countermeasures     253
Errors and Omissions     253
Fraud     253
Theft     254
Employee sabotage     254
Industrial espionage     254
Loss of physical and infrastructure support     254
Hackers and crackers     255
Malicious code     255
Inappropriate employee activities     255
Security Operations Management     256
Security Controls     259
Resource protection     260
Privileged entity controls      260
Change controls     260
Media controls     261
Administrative controls     261
Trusted recovery     261
Security Auditing and Due Care     262
Audit Trails     262
Anatomy of an audit record     263
Types of audit trails     263
Finding trouble in them thar logs     264
Problem management and audit trails     265
Retaining audit logs     265
Protection of audit logs     266
Monitoring     267
Penetration testing     267
Intrusion detection and prevention     269
Violation analysis     270
Keystroke monitoring     270
Traffic and trend analysis     271
Facilities monitoring     271
Responding to events     271
Additional References     273
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning     277
Defining Disastrous Events     278
Natural disasters     278
Man-made disasters     279
The Differences between BCP and DRP     279
Understanding BCP Project Elements     280
Determining BCP Scope     281
Defining the Business Impact Assessment     282
Vulnerability Assessment     282
Criticality Assessment     283
Identifying key players     283
Establishing Maximum Tolerable Downtime     284
Defining Resource Requirements     284
BCP Recovery Plan Development     285
Emergency response     285
Damage assessment     285
Personnel safety     285
Personnel notification     286
Backups and off-site storage     286
Software escrow agreements     287
External communications     287
Utilities     288
Logistics and supplies     288
Fire and water protection     289
Documentation     289
Data processing continuity planning     290
Developing the BCP Plan     291
Identifying success factors     292
Simplifying large or complex critical functions     293
Documenting the strategy     293
Implementing the Business Continuity Plan     294
Securing senior management approval     294
Promoting organizational awareness     295
Maintaining the plan     295
Disaster Recovery Planning      295
Developing a Disaster Recovery Plan     296
Preparing for emergency response     296
Notifying personnel     297
Facilitating external communications     297
Maintaining physical security     298
Personnel safety     298
Testing the Disaster Recovery Plan     298
Additional References     299
Legal, Regulations, Compliance, and Investigations     303
Major Categories and Types of Laws     303
U.S. common law     304
International law     307
Major Categories of Computer Crime     307
Terrorist attacks     309
Military and intelligence attacks     310
Financial attacks     310
Business attacks     310
Grudge attacks     310
"Fun" attacks     311
Types of Laws Relevant to Computer Crimes     312
Intellectual property     312
Privacy laws     314
Computer crime and information security laws     316
Investigations     323
Evidence     324
Conducting investigations     330
Incident handling (Or response)     331
Ethics      333
(ISC)[superscript 2] Code of Ethics     333
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) - "Ethics and the Internet" (RFC 1087)     334
Additional References     334
Physical (Environmental) Security     339
Physical Security Threats     340
Site and Facility Design Considerations     343
Choosing a secure location     343
Designing a secure facility     344
Physical (Environmental) Security Controls     345
Physical access controls     345
Technical controls     349
Environmental and life safety controls     351
Administrative controls     356
Bringing It All Together     357
Additional References     358
The Part of Tens     363
Ten Test Preparation Tips     365
Get a Networking Certification First     365
Register Now!     365
Make a 60-Day Study Plan     366
Get Organized and Read!     366
Join a Study Group     367
Take Practice Exams     367
Take a CISSP Review Seminar     368
Develop a Test-Taking Strategy     368
Practice Drawing Circles!     369
Plan Your Travel      369
Ten Test Day Tips     371
Get a Good Night's Rest     371
Dress Comfortably (And Appropriately)     371
Eat a Good Breakfast     372
Arrive Early     372
Bring Your Registration Letter and ID     372
Bring Snacks and Drinks     372
Bring Prescription or Over-the-Counter Medications     373
Bring Extra Pencils and a Big Eraser     373
Leave Your Cell Phone, Pager, PDA, and Digital Watch Behind     373
Take Frequent Breaks     374
Ten More Sources for Security Certifications     375
ASIS International     375
Check Point     376
Cisco     376
CompTIA     377
DRI International     378
EC-Council     379
ISACA     379
(ISC)[superscript 2]     380
Microsoft     381
SANS/GIAC     381
Appendix and Bonus Chapters     383
About the CD-ROM     385
System Requirements     385
Contents     385
If You Have Problems (Of the CD Kind)     386
Index     387