Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems Book

Introduction     1
Engineering Design     2
Design Versus Analysis     2
Synthesis for Design     6
Selection Versus Design     7
Design as Part of Engineering Enterprise     9
Need or Opportunity     9
Evaluation and Market Analysis     10
Feasibility and Chances of Success     12
Engineering Design     14
Research and Development     15
Need for Optimization     16
Fabrication, Testing, and Production     18
Thermal Systems     19
Basic Characteristics     19
Analysis     22
Types and Examples     25
Outline and Scope of the Book     40
Summary     43
References     44
Basic Considerations in Design     47
Formulation of the Design Problem     47
Requirements and Specifications     47
Given Quantities     50
Design Variables     51
Constraints or Limitations     53
Additional Considerations     55
Conceptual Design     58
Innovative Conceptual Design     58
Selection from AvailableConcepts     62
Modifications in the Design of Existing Systems     64
Steps in the Design Process     70
Physical System     72
Modeling     75
Simulation     76
Evaluation: Acceptable Design     81
Optimal Design     83
Safety Features, Automation, and Control     86
Communicating the Design     90
Patents and Copyrights     92
Computer-Aided Design     97
Main Features     97
Computer-Aided Design of Thermal Systems     98
Material Selection     104
Different Materials     104
Material Properties and Characteristics for Thermal Systems     108
Selection and Substitution of Materials     110
Summary     113
References     115
Problems     116
Modeling of Thermal Systems     125
Introduction     125
Importance of Modeling in Design     125
Basic Features of Modeling     125
Types of Models     128
Analog Models     129
Mathematical Models     130
Physical Models     130
Numerical Models      131
Interaction Between Models     133
Other Classifications     133
Mathematical Modeling     134
General Procedure     134
Final Model and Validation     160
Physical Modeling and Dimensional Analysis     165
Dimensional Analysis     166
Modeling and Similitude     176
Overall Physical Model     180
Curve Fitting     180
Exact Fit     181
Best Fit     183
Summary     194
References     196
Problems     197
Numerical Modeling and Simulation     207
Numerical Modeling     208
General Features     208
Development of a Numerical Model     210
Available Software     211
Solution Procedures     212
Linear Algebraic Systems     213
Nonlinear Algebraic Systems     220
Ordinary Differential Equations     227
Partial Differential Equations     238
Numerical Model for a System     247
Modeling of Individual Components     248
Merging of Different Models     251
Accuracy and Validation      252
System Simulation     253
Importance of Simulation     254
Different Classes     256
Flow of Information     259
Methods for Numerical Simulation     264
Steady Lumped Systems     264
Dynamic Simulation of Lumped Systems     272
Distributed Systems     278
Simulation of Large Systems     282
Numerical Simulation Versus Real System     283
Summary     284
References     285
Problems     286
Acceptable Design of a Thermal System: A Synthesis of Different Design Steps     299
Introduction     299
Initial Design     300
Design Strategies     309
Commonly Used Design Approach     309
Other Strategies     309
Iterative Redesign Procedure     317
Design of Systems from Different Application Areas     322
Manufacturing Processes     323
Cooling of Electronic Equipment     329
Environmental Systems     336
Heat Transfer Equipment     342
Fluid Flow Systems     350
Other Areas     361
Design of Components Versus Design of Systems      361
Additional Considerations for Large Practical Systems     362
Summary     373
References     374
Problems     375
Economic Considerations     383
Introduction     383
Calculation of Interest     385
Simple Interest     385
Compound Interest     385
Continuous Compounding     387
Effective Interest Rate     388
Worth of Money as a Function of Time     390
Present Worth     390
Future Worth     391
Inflation     393
Series of Payments     396
Future Worth of Uniform Series of Amounts     396
Present Worth of Uniform Series of Amounts     397
Continuous Compounding in a Series of Amounts     399
Changing Amount in Series of Payments     400
Shift in Time     402
Different Frequencies     403
Changes in Schedule     403
Raising Capital     405
Bonds     406
Stocks     408
Taxes     408
Inclusion of Taxes     409
Depreciation     410
Economic Factor in Design     413
Cost Comparison     413
Rate of Return     417
Application to Thermal Systems     419
Summary     421
References     421
Problems     422
Problem Formulation for Optimization     429
Introduction     429
Optimization in Design     429
Final Optimized Design     431
Basic Concepts     432
Objective Function     432
Constraints     434
Operating Conditions Versus Hardware     437
Mathematical Formulation     438
Optimization Methods     440
Calculus Methods     440
Search Methods     441
Linear and Dynamic Programming     442
Geometric Programming     444
Other Methods     444
Optimization of Thermal Systems     447
Important Considerations     447
Different Approaches     448
Different Types of Thermal Systems     449
Examples     451
Consideration of the Second Law of Thermodynamics     455
Practical Aspects in Optimal Design     457
Choice of Variables for Optimization     457
Sensitivity Analysis      459
Dependence on Objective Function: Trade-Offs     461
Multi-Objective Optimization     462
Part of Overall Design Strategy     464
Change of Concept or Model     465
Summary     466
References     467
Problems     468
Lagrange Multipliers     473
Introduction to Calculus Methods     473
The Lagrange Multiplier Method     475
Basic Approach     475
Physical Interpretation     477
Significance of the Multipliers     485
Optimization of Unconstrained Problems     486
Use of Gradients for Optimization     487
Determination of Minimum or Maximum     487
Conversion of Constrained to Unconstrained Problem     489
Optimization of Constrained Problems     491
Applicability to Thermal Systems     494
Use of Curve Fitting     494
Examples     495
Inequality Constraints     499
Some Practical Considerations     500
Computational Approach     501
Summary     503
References     504
Problems     505
Search Methods      511
Basic Considerations     511
Importance of Search Methods     512
Types of Approaches     513
Application to Thermal Systems     514
Single-Variable Problem     515
Uniform Exhaustive Search     517
Dichotomous Search     519
Fibonacci Search     521
Golden Section and Other Search Methods     523
Comparison of Different Elimination Methods     524
Unconstrained Search with Multiple Variables     527
Lattice Search     529
Univariate Search     530
Steepest Ascent/Descent Method     532
Multivariable Constrained Optimization     537
Penalty Function Method     537
Search Along a Constraint     542
Examples of Thermal Systems     547
Summary     551
References     553
Problems     554
Geometric, Linear, and Dynamic Programming and Other Methods for Optimization     559
Geometric Programming     559
Applicability     560
Unconstrained Optimization     561
Mathematical Proof     570
Constrained Optimization     573
Nonzero Degree of Difficulty      578
Linear Programming     579
Dynamic Programming     588
Other Methods     590
Summary     591
References     592
Problems     593
Knowledge-Based Design and Additional Considerations     599
Knowledge-Based Systems     599
Introduction     600
Basic Components     602
Expert Knowledge     607
Design Methodology     609
Application to Thermal Systems     610
Additional Constraints     621
Professional Ethics     623
Sources of Information     625
An Overview of Design of Thermal Systmes     628
Summary     631
References     632
Problems     633
Design Projects     635
Computer Programs     639
Material Properties     659
Interest Tables     679
Heat Transfer Correlations     687
Index     697