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Book Categories |
Part I |
Introduction 1 |
Chapter 1 |
History and Overview 3 |
1.1 Why Structures Fail 3 |
1.2 Historical Perspective 6 |
1.2.1 Early Fracture Research 8 |
1.2.2 The Liberty Ships 9 |
1.2.3 Post-War Fracture Mechanics Research 10 |
1.2.4 Fracture Mechanics from 1960 to 1980 10 |
1.2.5 Fracture Mechanics from 1980 to the Present 12 |
1.3 The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Design 12 |
1.3.1 The Energy Criterion 12 |
1.3.2 The Stress-Intensity Approach 14 |
1.3.3 Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance 15 |
1.4 Effect of Material Properties on Fracture 16 |
1.5 A Brief Review of Dimensional Analysis 18 |
1.5.1 The Buckingham P-Theorem 18 |
1.5.2 Dimensional Analysis in Fracture Mechanics 19 |
References 21 |
Part II |
Fundamental Concepts 23 |
Chapter 2 |
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 25 |
2.1 An Atomic View of Fracture 25 |
2.2 Stress Concentration Effect of Flaws 27 |
2.3 The Griffith Energy Balance 29 |
2.3.1 Comparison with the Critical Stress Criterion 31 |
2.3.2 Modified Griffith Equation 32 |
2.4 The Energy Release Rate 34 |
2.5 Instability and the R Curve 38 |
2.5.1 Reasons for the R Curve Shape 39 |
2.5.2 Load Control vs. Displacement Control 40 |
2.5.3 Structures with Finite Compliance 41 |
2.6 Stress Analysis of Cracks 42 |
2.6.1 The Stress Intensity Factor 43 |
2.6.2 Relationship between K and Global Behavior 45 |
2.6.3 Effect of Finite Size 48 |
2.6.4 Principle of Superposition 54 |
2.6.5 Weight Functions 56 |
2.7 Relationship between K and G 58 |
2.8 Crack-Tip Plasticity 61 |
2.8.1 The Irwin Approach 61 |
2.8.2 The Strip-Yield Model 64 |
2.8.3 Comparison of Plastic Zone Corrections 66 |
2.8.4 Plastic Zone Shape 66 |
2.9 K-Controlled Fracture 69 |
2.10 Plane Strain Fracture: Fact vs. Fiction 72 |
2.10.1 Crack-Tip Triaxiality 73 |
2.10.2 Effect of Thickness on Apparent Fracture Toughness 75 |
2.10.3 Plastic Zone Effects 78 |
2.10.4 Implications for Cracks in Structures 79 |
2.11 Mixed-Mode Fracture 80 |
2.11.1 Propagation of an Angled Crack 81 |
2.11.2 Equivalent Mode I Crack 83 |
2.11.3 Biaxial Loading 84 |
2.12 Interaction of Multiple Cracks 86 |
2.12.1 Coplanar Cracks 86 |
2.12.2 Parallel Cracks 86 |
Appendix 2: Mathematical Foundations of Linear Elastic |
Fracture Mechanics 88 |
A2.1 Plane Elasticity 88 |
A2.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates 89 |
A2.1.2 Polar Coordinates 90 |
A2.2 Crack Growth Instability Analysis 91 |
A2.3 Crack-Tip Stress Analysis 92 |
A2.3.1 Generalized In-Plane Loading 92 |
A2.3.2 The Westergaard Stress Function 95 |
A2.4 Elliptical Integral of the Second Kind 100 |
References 101 |
Chapter 3 |
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics 103 |
3.1 Crack-Tip-Opening Displacement 103 |
3.2 The J Contour Integral 107 |
3.2.1 Nonlinear Energy Release Rate 108 |
3.2.2 J as a Path-Independent Line Integral 110 |
3.2.3 J as a Stress Intensity Parameter 111 |
3.2.4 The Large Strain Zone 113 |
3.2.5 Laboratory Measurement of J 114 |
3.3 Relationships Between J and CTOD 120 |
3.4 Crack-Growth Resistance Curves 123 |
3.4.1 Stable and Unstable Crack Growth 124 |
3.4.2 Computing J for a Growing Crack 126 |
3.5 J-Controlled Fracture 128 |
3.5.1 Stationary Cracks 128 |
3.5.2 J-Controlled Crack Growth 131 |
3.6 Crack-Tip Constraint Under Large-Scale Yielding 133 |
3.6.1 The Elastic T Stress 137 |
3.6.2 J-Q Theory 140 |
3.6.2.1 The J-Q Toughness Locus 142 |
3.6.2.2 Effect of Failure Mechanism |
on the J-Q Locus 144 |
3.6.3 Scaling Model for Cleavage Fracture 145 |
3.6.3.1 Failure Criterion 145 |
3.6.3.2 Three-Dimensional Effects 147 |
3.6.3.3 Application of the Model 148 |
3.6.4 Limitations of Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics 149 |
Appendix 3: Mathematical Foundations |
of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics 153 |
A3.1 Determining CTOD from the Strip-Yield Model 153 |
A3.2 The J Contour Integral 156 |
A3.3 J as a Nonlinear Elastic Energy Release Rate 158 |
A3.4 The HRR Singularity 159 |
A3.5 Analysis of Stable Crack Growth |
in Small-Scale Yielding 162 |
A3.5.1 The Rice-Drugan-Sham Analysis 162 |
A3.5.2 Steady State Crack Growth 166 |
A3.6 Notes on the Applicability of Deformation Plasticity |
to Crack Problems 168 |
References 171 |
Chapter 4 |
Dynamic and Time-Dependent Fracture 173 |
4.1 Dynamic Fracture and Crack Arrest 173 |
4.1.1 Rapid Loading of a Stationary Crack 174 |
4.1.2 Rapid Crack Propagation and Arrest 178 |
4.1.2.1 Crack Speed 180 |
4.1.2.2 Elastodynamic Crack-Tip Parameters 182 |
4.1.2.3 Dynamic Toughness 184 |
4.1.2.4 Crack Arrest 186 |
4.1.3 Dynamic Contour Integrals 188 |
4.2 Creep Crack Growth 189 |
4.2.1 The C * Integral 191 |
4.2.2 Short-Time vs. Long-Time Behavior 193 |
4.2.2.1 The C t Parameter 195 |
4.2.2.2 Primary Creep 196 |
4.3 Viscoelastic Fracture Mechanics 196 |
4.3.1 Linear Viscoelasticity 197 |
4.3.2 The Viscoelastic J Integral 200 |
4.3.2.1 Constitutive Equations 200 |
4.3.2.2 Correspondence Principle 200 |
4.3.2.3 Generalized J Integral 201 |
4.3.2.4 Crack Initiation and Growth 202 |
4.3.3 Transition from Linear to Nonlinear Behavior 204 |
Appendix 4: Dynamic Fracture Analysis 206 |
A4.1 Elastodynamic Crack Tip Fields 206 |
A4.2 Derivation of the Generalized Energy |
Release Rate 209 |
References 213 |
Part III |
Material Behavior 217 |
Chapter 5 |
Fracture Mechanisms in Metals 219 |
5.1 Ductile Fracture 219 |
5.1.1 Void Nucleation 219 |
5.1.2 Void Growth and Coalescence 222 |
5.1.3 Ductile Crack Growth 231 |
5.2 Cleavage 234 |
5.2.1 Fractography 234 |
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Cleavage Initiation 235 |
5.2.3 Mathematical Models of Cleavage Fracture |
Toughness 238 |
5.3 The Ductile-Brittle Transition 247 |
5.4 Intergranular Fracture 249 |
Appendix 5: Statistical Modeling of Cleavage Fracture 250 |
A5.1 Weakest Link Fracture 250 |
A5.2 Incorporating a Conditional Probability |
of Propagation 252 |
References 254 |
Chapter 6 |
Fracture Mechanisms in Nonmetals 257 |
6.1 Engineering Plastics 257 |
6.1.1 Structure and Properties of Polymers 258 |
6.1.1.1 Molecular Weight 258 |
6.1.1.2 Molecular Structure 259 |
6.1.1.3 Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 259 |
6.1.1.4 Viscoelastic Behavior 260 |
6.1.1.5 Mechanical Analogs 263 |
6.1.2 Yielding and Fracture in Polymers 265 |
6.1.2.1 Chain Scission and Disentanglement 265 |
6.1.2.2 Shear Yielding and Crazing 265 |
6.1.2.3 Crack-Tip Behavior 267 |
6.1.2.4 Rubber Toughening 268 |
6.1.2.5 Fatigue 270 |
6.1.3 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics 270 |
6.1.3.1 Overview of Failure Mechanisms 271 |
6.1.3.2 Delamination 272 |
6.1.3.3 Compressive Failure 275 |
6.1.3.4 Notch Strength 278 |
6.1.3.5 Fatigue Damage 280 |
6.2 Ceramics and Ceramic Composites 282 |
6.2.1 Microcrack Toughening 285 |
6.2.2 Transformation Toughening 286 |
6.2.3 Ductile Phase Toughening 287 |
6.2.4 Fiber and Whisker Toughening 288 |
6.3 Concrete and Rock 291 |
References 293 |
Part IV |
Applications 297 |
Chapter 7 |
Fracture Toughness Testing of Metals 299 |
7.1 General Considerations 299 |
7.1.1 Specimen Configurations 299 |
7.1.2 Specimen Orientation 301 |
7.1.3 Fatigue Precracking 303 |
7.1.4 Instrumentation 305 |
7.1.5 Side Grooving 307 |
7.2 K Ic Testing 308 |
7.2.1 ASTM E 399 309 |
7.2.2 Shortcomings of E 399 and Similar Standards 312 |
7.3 K-R Curve Testing 316 |
7.3.1 Specimen Design 317 |
7.3.2 Experimental Measurement of K-R Curves 318 |
7.4 J Testing of Metals 320 |
7.4.1 The Basic Test Procedure and JIc Measurements 320 |
7.4.2 J-R Curve Testing 322 |
7.4.3 Critical J Values for Unstable Fracture 324 |
7.5 CTOD Testing 326 |
7.6 Dynamic and Crack-Arrest Toughness 329 |
7.6.1 Rapid Loading in Fracture Testing 329 |
7.6.2 KIa Measurements 330 |
7.7 Fracture Testing of Weldments 334 |
7.7.1 Specimen Design and Fabrication 334 |
7.7.2 Notch Location and Orientation 335 |
7.7.3 Fatigue Precracking 337 |
7.7.4 Posttest Analysis 337 |
7.8 Testing and Analysis of Steels in the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region 338 |
7.9 Qualitative Toughness Tests 340 |
7.9.1 Charpy and Izod Impact Test 341 |
7.9.2 Drop Weight Test 342 |
7.9.3 Drop Weight Tear and Dynamic Tear Tests 344 |
Appendix 7: Stress Intensity, Compliance, and Limit Load Solutions |
for Laboratory Specimens 344 |
References 350 |
Chapter 8 |
Fracture Testing of Nonmetals 353 |
8.1 Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics 353 |
8.1.1 The Suitability of K and J for Polymers 353 |
8.1.1.1 K-Controlled Fracture 354 |
8.1.1.2 J-Controlled Fracture 357 |
8.1.2 Precracking and Other Practical Matters 360 |
8.1.3 Klc Testing 362 |
8.1.4 J Testing 365 |
8.1.5 Experimental Estimates of Time-Dependent Fracture Parameters 369 |
8.1.6 Qualitative Fracture Tests on Plastics 371 |
8.2 Interlaminar Toughness of Composites 373 |
8.3 Ceramics 378 |
8.3.1 Chevron-Notched Specimens 378 |
8.3.2 Bend Specimens Precracked by Bridge Indentation 380 |
References 382 |
Chapter 9 |
Application to Structures 385 |
9.1 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 385 |
9.1.1 KI for Part-Through Cracks 387 |
9.1.2 Influence Coefficients for Polynomial Stress Distributions 388 |
9.1.3 Weight Functions for Arbitrary Loading 392 |
9.1.4 Primary, Secondary, and Residual Stresses 394 |
9.1.5 A Warning about LEFM 395 |
9.2 The CTOD Design Curve 395 |
9.3 Elastic-Plastic J-Integral Analysis 397 |
9.3.1 The EPRI J-Estimation Procedure 398 |
9.3.1.1 Theoretical Background 398 |
9.3.1.2 Estimation Equations 399 |
9.3.1.3 Comparison with Experimental J Estimates 401 |
9.3.2 The Reference Stress Approach 403 |
9.3.3 Ductile Instability Analysis 405 |
9.3.4 Some Practical Considerations 408 |
9.4 Failure Assessment Diagrams 410 |
9.4.1 Original Concept 410 |
9.4.2 J-Based FAD 412 |
9.4.3 Approximations of the FAD Curve 415 |
9.4.4 Estimating the Reference Stress 416 |
9.4.5 Application to Welded Structures 423 |
9.4.5.1 Incorporating Weld Residual Stresses 423 |
9.4.5.2 Weld Misalignment 426 |
9.4.5.3 Weld Strength Mismatch 427 |
9.4.6 Primary vs. Secondary Stresses in the FAD Method 428 |
9.4.7 Ductile-Tearing Analysis with the FAD 430 |
9.4.8 Standardized FAD-Based Procedures 430 |
9.5 Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics 432 |
Appendix 9: Stress Intensity and Fully Plastic J Solutions |
for Selected Configurations 434 |
References 449 |
Chapter 10 |
Fatigue Crack Propagation 451 |
10.1 Similitude in Fatigue 451 |
10.2 Empirical Fatigue Crack Growth Equations 453 |
10.3 Crack Closure 457 |
10.3.1 A Closer Look at Crack-Wedging Mechanisms 460 |
10.3.2 Effects of Loading Variables on Closure 463 |
10.4 The Fatigue Threshold 464 |
10.4.1 The Closure Model for the Threshold 465 |
10.4.2 A Two-Criterion Model 466 |
10.4.3 Threshold Behavior in Inert Environments 470 |
10.5 Variable Amplitude Loading and Retardation 473 |
10.5.1 Linear Damage Model for Variable Amplitude Fatigue 474 |
10.5.2 Reverse Plasticity at the Crack Tip 475 |
10.5.3 The Effect of Overloads and Underloads 478 |
10.5.4 Models for Retardation and Variable Amplitude Fatigue 484 |
10.6 Growth of Short Cracks 488 |
10.6.1 Microstructurally Short Cracks 491 |
10.6.2 Mechanically Short Cracks 491 |
10.7 Micromechanisms of Fatigue 491 |
10.7.1 Fatigue in Region II 491 |
10.7.2 Micromechanisms Near the Threshold 494 |
10.7.3 Fatigue at High DK Values 495 |
10.8 Fatigue Crack Growth Experiments 495 |
10.8.1 Crack Growth Rate and Threshold Measurement 496 |
10.8.2 Closure Measurements 498 |
10.8.3 A Proposed Experimental Definition of DKeff 500 |
10.9 Damage Tolerance Methodology 501 |
Appendix 10: Application of The J Contour Integral to Cyclic Loading 504 |
A10.1 Definition of D J 504 |
A10.2 Path Independence of D J 506 |
A10.3 Small-Scale Yielding Limit 507 |
References 507 |
Chapter 11 |
Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Metals 511 |
11.1 Corrosion Principles 511 |
11.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions 511 |
11.1.2 Corrosion Current and Polarization 514 |
11.1.3 Electrode Potential and Passivity 514 |
11.1.4 Cathodic Protection 515 |
11.1.5 Types of Corrosion 516 |
11.2 Environmental Cracking Overview 516 |
11.2.1 Terminology and Classification of Cracking Mechanisms 516 |
11.2.2 Occluded Chemistry of Cracks, Pits, and Crevices 517 |
11.2.3 Crack Growth Rate vs. Applied Stress Intensity 518 |
11.2.4 The Threshold for EAC 520 |
11.2.5 Small Crack Effects 521 |
11.2.6 Static, Cyclic, and Fluctuating Loads 523 |
11.2.7 Cracking Morphology 523 |
11.2.8 Life Prediction 523 |
11.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking 525 |
11.3.1 The Film Rupture Model 527 |
11.3.2 Crack Growth Rate in Stage II 528 |
11.3.3 Metallurgical Variables that Influence SCC 528 |
11.3.4 Corrosion Product Wedging 529 |
11.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement 529 |
11.4.1 Cracking Mechanisms 530 |
11.4.2 Variables that Affect Cracking Behavior 531 |
11.4.2.1 Loading Rate and Load History 531 |
11.4.2.2 Strength 533 |
11.4.2.3 Amount of Available Hydrogen 535 |
11.4.2.4 Temperature 535 |
11.5 Corrosion Fatigue 538 |
11.5.1 Time-Dependent and Cycle-Dependent Behavior 538 |
11.5.2 Typical Data 541 |
11.5.3 Mechanisms 543 |
11.5.3.1 Film Rupture Models 544 |
11.5.3.2 Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement 544 |
11.5.3.3 Surface Films 544 |
11.5.4 The Effect of Corrosion Product Wedging on Fatigue 544 |
11.6 Experimental Methods 545 |
11.6.1 Tests on Smooth Specimens 546 |
11.6.2 Fracture Mechanics Test Methods 547 |
References 552 |
Chapter 12 |
Computational Fracture Mechanics 553 |
12.1 Overview of Numerical Methods 553 |
12.1.1 The Finite Element Method 554 |
12.1.2 The Boundary Integral Equation Method 556 |
12.2 Traditional Methods in Computational Fracture Mechanics 558 |
12.2.1 Stress and Displacement Matching 558 |
12.2.2 Elemental Crack Advance 559 |
12.2.3 Contour Integration 560 |
12.2.4 Virtual Crack Extension: Stiffness Derivative Formulation 560 |
12.2.5 Virtual Crack Extension: Continuum Approach 561 |
12.3 The Energy Domain Integral 563 |
12.3.1 Theoretical Background 563 |
12.3.2 Generalization to Three Dimensions 566 |
12.3.3 Finite Element Implementation 568 |
12.4 Mesh Design 570 |
12.5 Linear Elastic Convergence Study 577 |
12.6 Analysis of Growing Cracks 585 |
Appendix 12: Properties of Singularity Elements 587 |
A12.1 Quadrilateral Element 587 |
A12.2 Triangular Element 589 |
References 590 |
Chapter 13 |
Practice Problems 593 |
13.1 Chapter 1 593 |
13.2 Chapter 2 593 |
13.3 Chapter 3 596 |
13.4 Chapter 4 598 |
13.5 Chapter 5 599 |
13.6 Chapter 6 600 |
13.7 Chapter 7 600 |
13.8 Chapter 8 603 |
13.9 Chapter 9 605 |
13.10 Chapter 10 607 |
13.11 Chapter 11 608 |
13.12 Chapter 12 609 |
Index 611 |
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Add Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, With its combination of practicality, readability, and rigor that is characteristic of any truly authoritative reference and text, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications quickly established itself as the most comprehensive guide to fracture mec, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, With its combination of practicality, readability, and rigor that is characteristic of any truly authoritative reference and text, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications quickly established itself as the most comprehensive guide to fracture mec, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications to your collection on WonderClub |