New Mexico Vegetation: Past, Present, and Future Book

	Acknowledgments
	Introduction
1	Physical Environment of New Mexico	1
	Landscape Diversity	1
	Landscape Development	1
	Climate	4
	Soils	6
2	History of New Mexico Vegetation	9
	Reconstruction of Past Vegetation	9
	Tertiary-Quaternary Vegetation	10
	Pleistocene-Holocene Vegetation	15
	Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Vegetation	18
3	Vegetation and Ecology	27
	Vegetation Patterns	27
	Vegetation Dynamics	31
	Vegetation Typing	32
4	Terrestrial Vegetation of New Mexico	35
	Classification and Mapping Vegetation	35
	Classification of New Mexico Vegetation	35
	Vegetation Classification for New Mexico	37
	Current New Mexico Vegetation	37
	New Mexico Vegetation Map	38
	Use of Common and Scientific Plant Names	39
5	Alpine Tundra and Coniferous Forest	47
	Alpine Tundra	47
	Climate	47
	Vegetation and Environment	48
	Coniferous Forest	50
	Subalpine Coniferous Forest	51
	Upper Montane Coniferous Forest	58
	Lower Montane Coniferous Forest	66
	Aspen Disturbance Forest	70
6	Woodland and Savanna Vegetation	85
	Woodland	85
	Coniferous Woodland	85
	Coniferous and Mixed Woodland	87
	Pinyon-Juniper Woodland	87
	Mixed Woodland	90
	Savanna	91
	Juniper Savanna	91
	Disturbance and Succession	91
7	Grassland Vegetation	101
	Subalpine-Montane Grassland	101
	Plains-Mesa Grassland	104
	Desert Grassland	106
8	Scrubland Vegetation	123
	Montane Scrub	123
	Plains-Mesa Sand Scrub	128
	Great Basin Desert Scrub	129
	Chihuahuan Desert Scrub	131
9	Riparian Vegetation	145
	Concept of Riparian Vegetation	145
	Overview of Riparian Vegetation in New Mexico	147
	Alpine Riparian	147
	Montane Riparian	148
	Floodplain-Plains Riparian	151
	Arroyo Riparian	152
	Closed Basin - Playa - Alkali Sink Riparian	153
10	Vegetation of Special Habitats	165
	Aquatic Vegetation	165
	Vegetation of Rocky Unweathered (shallow or no soil) Surfaces	168
11	Species of Special Concern	179
	Nature of the Problem	179
	Why Save Species	181
	Present Action	183
	Process of Listing a Plant Species	185
	Features of New Mexico Leading to Endemism	187
	Endemism in New Mexico	188
	Taxonomy and Plant Species in New Mexico	190
	Nature of Threats to Species of Concern	191
	Examples of Species of Special Concern in New Mexico	192
	Review of Sources of Threats	193
12	The Future of New Mexico Vegetation	225
	Need for Preservation	225
	Concept of Natural Area	226
	Natural Areas of New Mexico	228
	Projections and Proposals	228
	Subject Index	237
	Index of Selected Key Plants	241