French Grammar the Easy Way Book

	Preface	viii
	Acknowledgments	ix
Chapter 1	Preliminary Concepts	1
	Words	1
	Basic Notions	1
	Overview	1
	Sounds	3
	Phonetics	3
Chapter 2	The Nature of Nouns	5
	The Nature of Nouns	5
	Gender	6
	Number	10
Chapter 3	Articles	17
	The Nature and Function of Articles	17
	Gender and Number	17
	Specificity	17
	The Use of Articles	18
	Definite Articles	18
	Indefinite Articles	21
	Partitive Articles	22
	Remarkable Facts about Articles	23
	Elision and Apostrophe	23
	Du / De la vs. De	23
	De vs. Du / De la	24
	Omission of the Article	24
Chapter 4	Linking Words--Prepositions	27
	Types of Prepositions	27
	Date	27
	Location	28
	Circumstances	29
	Prepositions and Nouns	30
	Space--Origin or Position: From--To--In	30
	Time--Duration: For--Since--In--Ago	31
	Time or Space Indication	33
	Combinations Verbs and Prepositions + Verb	34
	Principal Verbs Directly Followed by an Infinitive	35
	Principal Verbs Followed by A and the Infinitive	36
	Principal Verbs Followed by DE and the Infinitive	37
	Combinations Verbs and Prepositions + Nouns	37
	Principal Verbs Followed by A = Noun of Person/Thing	38
	Principal Verbs Followed by DE + Noun of Person/Thing	39
	Overview: Tables for Review	40
	French/English Differential Table of Verbs + Prepositions	40
	Principal Verbs + Prepositions Answer Key	42
Chapter 5	Functions of Nouns	47
	The Noun as a Subject	47
	Nature and Characteristics	47
	Placement in the Sentence	49
	The Noun as Complement	52
	Types of Complements	52
	Identification of Complements	60
Chapter 6	Qualifying Adjectives	66
	Rules of Use	66
	Agreement	66
	Position	69
	Degrees of Qualifying Adjectives	74
Chapter 7	Determinative Adjectives	81
	Numeral Adjectives	81
	Cardinal Numeral Adjectives	81
	Ordinal Numeral Adjectives	84
	Demonstrative Adjectives	84
	Function and Use	84
	Gender and Number	85
	Suffixes -ci and -la	85
	Possessive Adjectives	86
	Function and Use	86
	Possession Components	87
	Adjective Formation	89
	Interrogative Adjectives	93
	Function and Use	93
	Direct/Indirect Question	94
	Exclamatory Adjectives	95
	Function and Use	95
	Functions of the Noun	95
	Indefinite Adjectives	96
	Function and Use	96
	Particular Cases	96
Chapter 8	Personal and Impersonal Pronouns	102
	Nature	102
	Personal Pronouns as Subject	103
	Personal Pronouns as Direct Object Complement	106
	Personal Pronouns as Indirect Object Complement	108
	Reflexive or Reciprocal Personal Pronouns	110
	Personal Pronouns as Emphatic or Disjunctive	112
	EN and Y for Inanimate Beings	114
	Order of Multiple Personal Pronouns	116
	General Order of Precedence	116
	Typical Examples	117
	Impersonal Pronouns	122
	Il y a (There Is / There Are)	122
	Ce + etre (This Is / There Are)	123
Chapter 9	Demonstrative, Possessive, Interrogative, Indefinite Pronouns	128
	Demonstrative Pronouns	129
	Possessive Pronouns	131
	Interrogative Pronouns	138
	Indefinite Pronouns	147
Chapter 10	Simple Tenses--Etre and Avoir Auxiliary Verbs	152
	Verbs	152
	Nature of Verbs	152
	Characteristics of Auxiliary Verbs	153
	Use	153
	Function of the Auxiliary Verbs Etre and Avoir	154
	Choosing between Auxiliary Verbs	156
	Conjugations	159
	Formation of Conjugations	159
	Verb Types	163
	Categories	163
	Verb Groups	164
	Stems	166
	Formation of Tenses	167
	Elements of Simple Tenses	167
	Components of Compound Tenses	168
	Conjugations	170
Chapter 11	Infinitive, Indicative, and Imperative Moods--Present Indicative	178
	The Infinitive Mood	179
	Meaning of Infinitive	179
	Use	179
	The Indicative Mood	183
	Meaning of Indicative	183
	Tenses of the Indicative Mood	184
	The Imperative Mood	189
	Meaning of Imperative	190
	Formation of the Imperative	191
	Imperative Forms of Etre and Avoir	195
Chapter 12	Past Indicative Tenses--Passe Compose (Perfect) and Agreement of the Participe Passe (Past Participle)	199
	Past Indicative Tenses: Characteristics of the Perfect	199
	Chronological Order	199
	Definition of Compound Tense	201
	Use	201
	Components of the Passe Compose	205
	Formation	205
	Auxiliary Verbs Etre and Avoir	205
	Agreement of the Past Participle	218
	Rationale	219
	Past Participle Agreement Rule	220
Chapter 13	Indicative Mood--Past and Future Tenses: Imperfect--Pluperfect / Future--Future Perfect	231
	Key Aspects of Past and Future Indicative Tenses	231
	Simple vs. Compound: Common Points	231
	Chronological Order	232
	The Imperfect of the Indicative	232
	Use of the Imparfait	233
	Formation of the Imparfait	236
	The Plus-que-Parfait of the Indicative	239
	Use of the Plus-que-Parfait	239
	Formation of the Plus-que-Parfait	243
	The Futur of the Indicative	244
	Use of the Futur	244
	Formation of the Futur	247
	The Future Perfect Indicative	249
	Use of the Future Anterieur	250
	Formation of the Futur Anterieur	252
Chapter 14	Structure--Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative Sentences and Clauses	257
	Affirmative Sentences	257
	Normal Word Order	257
	Verb-Subject Inversion	258
	Negative Sentences	260
	Normal Word Order	260
	Position of Negative Elements	261
	Interrogative Form	278
	Direct Questions	278
	Specific Questions	283
	Indirect Questions	286
Chapter 15	Sentences, Clauses, and Conjunctive Subordinate Clauses	293
	Sentences	293
	Simple Sentences	293
	Compound Sentences	295
	Linking Words	296
	Conjunctions	296
Chapter 16	Relative Clauses	311
	Use of Simple Relative Pronouns	312
	Common Noun	312
	Formation of a Typical Relative Clause	314
	Typical Structures of Compound Sentences	319
	Use of Compound Relative Pronouns	328
	Lequel, Auquel, Duquel: Compound Relative Pronoun Formation	329
	Use of Simple vs. Compound Relative Pronoun after a Preposition	335
	Use of Demonstrative Pronoun CE in Front of Simple Relative Pronouns	338
Chapter 17	Conditional and Subjunctive: The Higher Moods	347
	The Conditional Mood	347
	Use of the Conditional	348
	Formation of the Conditional Mood	350
	Conditional Structures	352
	Conditional Conjugations	355
	The Subjunctive Mood	362
	Characteristics of the Subjunctive	362
	Use of the Subjunctive	364
	Subjunctive Sentence Structure	366
	Formation of the Subjunctive Tenses	377
Appendix	Solutions to Practice Exercises	397
	Index	421