The Civil War and Reconstruction Book

	List of Maps	XI
	Preface	XIII
Chapter 1	A Modernizing Nation, 1840-1860	1
	Expansion in Size and Numbers	1
	Reactions to Immigration	5
	Changes in Agriculture	6
	The Modernization of Transportation and Communication	9
	Changes in Industry	10
	A Changing Social Structure	12
	The Working Class	13
	The Growth of Cities	14
	Changes in Education	16
	The Spirit of the Age	18
	Antebellum Culture	23
Chapter 2	The Antebellum South	27
	Sectional Similarities	27
	Sectional Differences	30
	Southern Life and Society	35
	Life in the "Big House"	42
	The Development of "Southernism"	45
Chapter 3	Slavery, 1830-1860	50
	Past Studies of Slavery	50
	Early Attitudes Toward Slavery	51
	The Slave Trade	52
	The Development of Slavery in the South	55
	Free Blacks	58
	The Distribution and Concentration of Slaves	60
	Slave Management	62
	Slave Life and Culture	63
	Slave Resistance	67
	Slavery as a Regional Economic System	71
Chapter 4	Sectionalism Politicized, 1848-1857	74
	Wedges of Separation	74
	The Impact of Western Expansion	77
	The Compromise of 1850	79
	Pierce, Douglas, and The Kansas-Nebraska Act	85
	New Parties	90
	Sectionalism in Kansas	91
	The Election of 1856	96
Chapter 5	A House Dividing, 1857-1860	99
	Radical Expressions of Sectionalism	100
	Slavery and the Supreme Court	101
	Kansas	107
	The Lincoln-Douglas Debate	109
	John Brown's Raid	113
	The Presidential Contest of 1860	116
Chapter 6	The Secession Winter	125
	The Secession of the Lower South	126
	The Reaction of the Buchanan Administration	132
	Congress and the Secession Crisis	134
	The Washington Peace Conference	137
	Buchanan Stiffens	139
	The Formation of the Confederacy	140
Chapter 7	Lincoln, the Upper South, and the Sumter Crisis	149
	Lincoln Takes Office	150
	Reactions to Lincoln's Inaugural	152
	Reluctant Confederates	154
	Controversy over the Forts	156
	Reaction in The Upper South to War Measures	163
	Effects of the Mobilization Orders in the North	166
Chapter 8	The Border States	168
	Kentucky's Attempted Neutrality	169
	Maryland's Contested Unionism	172
	Delaware's Unquestioned Allegiance	175
	Violence in Missouri	176
	West Virginia's Secession from the Confederacy	179
Chapter 9	First Campaigns	183
	Resources, Goals, and Military Structures	183
	Early Battles: West Virginia and Bull Run	191
	Early Campaigns in the West	196
Chapter 10	The Virginia Front 1861-1863	203
	McClellan in Charge	203
	The Peninsular Campaign	207
	Robert E. Lee	210
	The Seven Days' Campaign	212
	Second Bull Run	215
	Antietam	216
	Burnside and Fredericksburg	222
Chapter 11	Union Measures and Men	225
	Military Structures	225
	Conscription	227
	Improvised War: Initial Efforts at Supplying the Army	234
	A Soldier's Life	237
	The Union Command System	240
	Handling Prisoners of War	242
Chapter 12	Problems of the Confederacy	247
	Mobilizing the Confederate Army	247
	Supplies and Resources	252
	Financing the War	255
	Alienation in the Confederacy	261
	Opposition by the States to the Confederacy	265
	Problems of Leadership	267
Chapter 13	The Union Government at War	271
	Early Presidential Decisions	271
	The Thirty-seventh Congress	274
	Investigations by the Thirty-seventh Congress	278
	An Activist Congress	281
	Opposition to The Government	287
	The Merryman, Vallandigham, and Milligan Cases	289
	Measuring Lincoln's Actions	293
Chapter 14	Financing the War in the North	296
	General Issues and Problems	296
	Treasury Department Proposals for Taxes and Loans	297
	Gold	303
	Banks and the Currency	305
	Evaluation of the Treasury Department	307
Chapter 15	The American Question Abroad	309
	European Attitudes Toward the North and South	310
	The Trent Affair	314
	The Failure of Cotton Diplomacy	317
	Crisis over Recognition	319
	Confederate Warships and Rams	321
	Relations with Other Nations	323
Chapter 16	Emancipation: The War Redefined	325
	Initial Attitudes	325
	Congress and Emancipation	329
	Lincoln and Emancipation	330
	Blacks and Emancipation	336
	Black Soldiers	339
	Emancipation by States and the Thirteenth Amendment	344
Chapter 17	The War's Middle Phase	347
	Chancellorsville	348
	Gettysburg	350
	Early Operations in the West	357
	Vicksburg	361
	The Battles of Chattanooga and Chickamauga	365
Chapter 18	Military Campaigns in 1864	370
	The Soldiers' Life	371
	The Wilderness Campaign	376
	Continuing Battles in Northern Virginia	379
	Other Virginia Campaigns, May-September 1864	381
	Sherman's Campaign	385
Chapter 19	The Naval War	394
	Organizing The Confederate and Union Navies	395
	Battles of the Ironclads	399
	The Union's Coordinated Army-Navy Operations	401
	Privateers and Confederate Raiders	404
	Union Coastal Operations After 1862	406
Chapter 20	Northern Politics, 1861-1864	409
	The Republicans	410
	Opposition to Lincoln	411
	The 1862 Elections	413
	The Cabinet Crisis	415
	The Democratic Challenge in 1863	416
	Lincoln's Renomination	418
	The Peace Movement	420
	Further Political Challenges to Lincoln	423
	The Democratic Nomination of McClellan and the 1864 Presidential Vote	424
Chapter 21	The Home Front in the North	428
	Effects of Mobilization on Northern Women	428
	The Northern Economy	432
	The Labor Movement	437
	Urban Society	438
	Private and Public Assistance	440
	Shaping Northern Opinion	443
	Northern Newspapers During the War	445
	Religion in the North	447
Chapter 22	The Collapse of the Confederacy	449
	Northern Occupation of the South	450
	Desertion	453
	Women of the Confederacy	455
	Shortages and Nationalization	459
	Subversion in the Confederacy	461
	Religion and the Confederate Collapse	463
Chapter 23	The End of the War	465
	Military Actions in 1865	465
	Epilogue	474
Chapter 24	The Challenge of Reconstruction: Legacies of the War in the North	477
	Initial Postwar Attitudes in the North	479
	Economic Legacies of the War in the North	482
	The Northern Economy, Politics, and Reconstruction	489
	The Challenge of Reconstruction	492
Chapter 25	The Challenge of Reconstruction: Legacies of the War in the South	494
	Immediate Postwar Chaos	494
	A Shattered Economy	496
	An Incomplete Economic Recovery	498
	The Reorganization of Southern Agriculture	500
	Contested Meanings of Freedom: Black Aspirations Versus White Expectations	503
	Toward Political Reconstruction	507
Chapter 26	Presidential Reconstruction	508
	Presidential Reconstruction Under Lincoln	508
	The 10 Percent Plan in Operation	512
	Louisiana and the Congressional Backlash Against Lincoln	513
	Presidential Reconstruction Under Andrew Johnson	518
Chapter 27	Responses to Presidential Reconstruction	524
	The Southern Response to Johnson's Policies	525
	Congressional Republicans Respond to Johnson's Program	528
Chapter 28	Congressional Reconstruction: The First Phase	536
	The Protagonists: Radicals and Moderates	537
	The Fourteenth Amendment	543
	The Congressional Elections of 1866	550
Chapter 29	Congressional Reconstruction: The Second Phase, 1867-1869	556
	The Military Reconstruction Acts	558
	What the Military Reconstruction Act Signified	561
	Grant, the Army, and Reconstruction	564
	The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	566
	The Triumph of the Moderates	572
Chapter 30	Reconstruction in the South	577
	The Republican Coalition and the Myth of Black Reconstruction	580
	Republican Governance: The Constitutional Conventions	585
	Republican Governance: Expansion of the Public Sphere	588
Chapter 31	The Failure of Reconstruction in the South	593
	The Pattern of Southern Politics	593
	The Politics of the Center, 1869-1873	597
	The Politics of Polarization, 1873-1877	599
	Constant White Terrorism and Fluctuating Federal Intervention	602
Chapter 32	The North, the Grant Administration, and Reconstruction	605
	Grant as President	606
	The Political Context of Grant's Presidency	609
	The Fifteenth Amendment	610
	The Enforcement Acts	612
	The Liberal Republican Movement and the Border States	615
Chapter 33	The Retreat from Reconstruction	617
	Liberal Republicanism and Its Consequences	617
	The Supreme Court and Reconstruction	621
	The Panic of 1873 and the Specter of Realignment	623
	The Republicans Turn Northward	626
	Realignment Averted	629
Chapter 34	The End of Reconstruction	633
	The Disputed Results	634
	The Electoral Commission	636
	The "Compromise of 1877"	638
	Consequences	642
	Notes	645
	Suggested Readings	716
	Credits	724
	Index	727