Journal of development economics Book

"The Congo in Leopold's mind was not the one of starving porters, raped hostages, emaciated rubber slaves, and severed hands. It was the empire of his dreams, with gigantic trees, exotic animals, and inhabitants grateful for his wise rule. Instead of going there, Leopold brought the Congo'that Congo, the theatrical production of his imagination'to himself."


King Leopold II

Belgium was simply not big enough for the future king. "When he thought about the throne that would be his, he was openly exasperated. 'Petit pays, petits gens' (small country, small people), he once said of Belgium." He watched as countries like Holland, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany were colonizing Africa and other exotic isles and becoming rich off the plunder. In the 1880s, he saw his chance and claimed the lands of the Congo. He did this without any kind of referandum from his people. He knew what was best for Belgium. "Most Belgians had paid little attention to their king's flurry of African diplomacy, but once it was over they began to realize, with surprise, that his new colony was bigger than England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy combined. It was one thirteenth of the African continent, more than seventy-six times the size of Belgium itself."

They had no idea the level of atrocities that would be perpetrated in the name of Belgium.

I've always thought of Leopold II as a 2nd tier genocidal maniac. I'd always reserved the 1st tier for Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, but after reading this book and hearing the estimated number 10 million associated with the deaths in the Congo, I have officially moved Leopold II to the 1st tier genocidal maniac. So why don't we know more about Leopold II? Why don't we see him as the genocidal maniac that we associate with the names Hitler and Stalin?

Could it be because he was killing black people?

Another factor is the way Leopold worked tirelessly to convince people he was a great humanitarian. He found people who would help support him in this endeavor and paid them to write reports that were favorable to his reputation in Africa. He worked equally tirelessly to squash those who came back from the Congo with the lists of atrocities they had witnessed while in Africa.

The biggest thorn in Leopold's voluminous backside turned out to be a British shipping clerk named Edmund Morel, who noticed the amount of goods coming from the Congo that were being traded or sold at prices that would not support a living wage in the Congo. The math did not add up. The only way that Leopold could be selling goods this cheaply was if they were being acquired through slave labor. Morel went on to found a paper that continued to expose Leopold's criminal activities in the Congo. Morel hammered away at him for the rest of his life. Additionally, Roger Casement was an Irish man who risked life and limb to obtain evidence that directly refuted the rosy picture that Leopold was selling Europe. There were also two American black men, George Washington Williams and William Sheppard, who did everything they could to expose Leopold's monstrosities to the world. There were many other people who tried their best to stop what was happening, unchecked, in the Congo.

The problem was that Europe and the United States wanted to believe Leopold.

The most famous book of celebrated author Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness was set in the real Leopold's Congo. The famous character of Kurtz was based on a man Conrad met in the Congo.


Should I chase butterflies today or should I lob off a few heads?

"One prototype for Conrad's Mr. Kurtz: Léon Rom. This swashbuckling officer was known for displaying a row of severed African heads around his garden. He also wrote a book on African customs, painted portraits and landscapes, and collected butterflies."

Léon Rom was a civilized, well educated man. So how does decorating your garden with severed African heads equate with butterfly collecting and painting portraits and landscapes?

Leopold flooded the Congo with the right sort of men. Mercenaries capable of chopping off hands, raping uncooperating women, murdering men, women, and children, and lashing men who didn't bring enough rubber back from the jungle with "the chicotte'a whip of raw, sun-dried hippopotamus hide, cut into a long sharp-edged corkscrew strip."

The strip this would cut off a man's back, buttock, and legs would leave deep, permanent scars if the man was lucky, or in many cases unlucky, enough to live. *shudder*

White men felt free of all law in the Congo. "We have liberty, independence, and life with wide horizons. Here you are free and not a mere slave of society. . . . Here one is everything!" So to live as free as one would like, one must enslave others? These men had harems, money, and status, something they could never achieve working as clerks or plumbers in Europe. In the Congo, they were warlords.

They killed so many Congolese that they feared not having enough slaves to maintain the plundering of the Congo. "'We run the risk of someday seeing our native population collapse and disappear,' fretfully declared the permanent committee of the National Colonial Congress of Belgium that year. 'So that we will find ourselves confronted with a kind of desert.'" It reminds me of hunters who hunted species to extinction and then bemoaned the fact that they couldn't hunt those animals anymore. At no point did they think to themselves, maybe we are killing these animals faster than they can reproduce.


So why cut off the hands? It seems counterproductive when you need these men to work. Every bullet had to be accounted for with Leopold's mercenaries, so if a man used a bullet to kill game, he had to have an African hand to account for that bullet. Every African hand was then turned in for a reward. It is too sick to comprehend.

Every country in Africa has tales of horror and outrage at the hands of European colonizers. I do believe that what happened in the Congo was by far the worst atrocities on a native population in Africa. The sad part of it is that most of us don't know anything about it. I knew some, but I didn't know enough. The "cake" that was Africa was cut up into portions and served to the white European countries as casually as if they were discussing the fates of Africans at a garden party with their children playing at their feet and their wives bringing them slices of the Congo, Nigeria, Kenya, Algeria, South Africa, and Senegal with which they could gorge themselves.

Adam Hochschild had a difficult time getting this book published. It was as if the ghost of Leopold was still haunting and suppressing the truth. This is a brilliant and important book that exposes the truth of the Congo and the complicity which every "civilized" country played in allowing such atrocities to occur.

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