Elements of Argument 10e Book

Preface

 

Part One: Understanding Argument

 

1. Approaches To Argument

 

     *Aristotelian Rhetoric
 
     *Sample Essay With Analysis: Aristotelian

 

          *Juan Williams, Don’t Mourn Brown v. Board Of Education

 

     *Rogerian Argument

 

          Joe Sharkey, Airport Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays

 

          Chris Kapper, Freedom to Live Trumps All!

 

     *Sample Essay with Analysis: Rogerian

 

          *Michael Kinsley, Racial Profiling At The Airport: Discrimination We’re Afraid to Be

          Against

 

     The Toulmin Model
 
     The Terms of Toulmin Argument

 

          The Claim
 
          The Support
 
          The Warrant

 

     Writer’s Guide: Learning the Key Terms

 

     Sample Essay with Analysis: Toulmin

 

          Robert J. Samuelson, The Hard Truth of Immigration 
  
     Assignments for Understanding the Structure of Argument

 

     Research Readiness: Using Databases
  
2. Critical Reading

 

     Pre-reading

 

     Research Skill: Examining Author, Subject, and Context
 
          Charles Krauthammer, Let’s Have No More Monkey Trials

     Comprehension

 

     Strategies for Comprehending Arguments

 

     Sample Annotated Essay

 

          Edward Jay Epstein, Sex And The Cinema
 
     Writer’s Guide: Annotating a Text

 

     Research Skill: Summarizing

 

     Evaluation

 

     Sample Annotated Essay

 

          Alfie Kohn, No-Win Situations

 

          *Stephanie Fairyington, The Gay Option

 

     Critical Listening

 

     Reading a Visual Argument

 

     Assignments for Critical Reading

 

     Research Readiness: Skimming and Summarizing
  
3. Analytical Writing

 

     Writing the Claim

 

          *Roger Kaplan, Enabling Ignorance

 

     Planning the Structure

 

     Using Sentence Forms to Construct an Argument

 

     Providing Support

 

     Writer’s Guide: Incorporating Quotations into Your Text

 

     Documenting Your Sources

 

     Writer’s Guide: Documenting Use of Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation

 

     Avoiding Plagiarism
 
     Examining Some Models
  
     Sample Essay and Analytical Response: Claim of Fact

 

          *Eric Jaffe, Reality Check
   
     Student Analytical Response: Claim of Fact

 

          *Deion Moore, Psychoanalyzing Reality TV
 
      Sample Essay and Analytical Response: Claim of Value

 

          *Noam Shpancer, The Meaning Of Reality (TV)

 

     Student Analytical Response: Claim of Value

 

          *Ashley Wilson, The Meaning Of Shpancer (Really)
 

     Sample Essay with Analysis: Rogerian Argument

 

          Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Parents Need Help: Restricting Access To Video Games

 

     Readings for Analysis

 

          Alan M. Dershowitz, Is There a Torturous Road to Justice?

 

          Seth Finkelstein, Alan Dershowitz’s Tortuous Torturous Argument

 

          *Barbara A. Spellman, Could Reality Shows Become Reality Experiments?

 

     *Debate: Should We all Pledge to End Derogatory Use of the Word “Retard”?

 

          *Patricia E. Bauer, A Movie, a Word and My Family’s Battle

 

          *Christopher M. Fairman, The Case Against Banning The Word “Retard”
  
     Assignments for Analytical Writing

 

     Research Readiness: Incorporating Quotations

Part Two: Analyzing the Elements

 

4. Definition

 

     The Purposes of Definition

 

     Defining the Terms in Your Argument

 

     Methods for Defining Terms
  

     The Definition Essay

 

     Writer’s Guide: Writing a Definition Essay

 

     Sample Annotated Essay

 

          Brian Whitaker, The Definition of Terrorism

 

     Readings for Analysis 

 

          *Stanley Fish, When Is a Cross a Cross?

 

          *William Deresiewicz, Faux Friendship

 

          *Guy-Uriel Charles, Stop Calling Quake Victims Looters

 

     Debate: Is the Definition of Marriage Changing?

 

          Howard Moody, Gay Marriage Shows Why We Need To Separate Church and State

 

          Jo Ann Citron, Will It Be Marriage or Civil Union?

 

     Assignments for Understanding Definition

 

     Research Readiness: Using Encyclopedias

 

5. Claims

 

     Claims of Fact

 

     Sample Essay: Claim of Fact

 

          Robert J. Samuelson, Picking Sides for the News

 

     Claims of Value

 

     Sample Essay: Claim of Value

 

          Roger Ebert, Crash

 

     Claims of Policy

 

     Sample Annotated Essay: Claim of Policy

 

          Elisha Dov Hack, College Life Versus My Moral Code

 

     Readings for Analysis

 

          Richard Hayes, Supersize Your Child?

 

          Wesley Morris, “Saw” Good at Tying Things in Knots

 

          *Amy Kamenetz, Take This Internship and Shove It

 

     *Debate: What Is the Social Responsibility of Business?

 

          *John Mackey, Putting Customers Ahead of Investors

 

          *T. J. Rodgers, Put Profits First

 

     Assignments for Understanding Claims

 

     Research Readiness: Acknowledging Reliable Authorities

 

6. Support

 

     Types of Support: Evidence and Appeals to Needs and Values

 

     Evidence 
 
     Research Skill: Evaluation of Evidence
 
     Appeals to Needs and Values

 

     Evaluation of Appeals to Needs and Values

 

     Writer’s Guide: Using Effective Support

 

     Sample Annotated Essay
  
          *Louis Uchitelle, American Dream Is Elusive for New Generation

 

     Sample Essay with Analysis

 

          Hal R. Varian, The True Cost Of SUVs

 

          Bethany Royce, The True Confusion about SUV Costs
  
     Sample Student Essay

 

          Kristen Weinacker, Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious? The Dubious Merits Of Organic

          Foods

 

     Readings for Analysis

 

          Bernard Goldberg, Connecting The Dots... To Terrorism

 

          *Charles Murray, Abolish the SAT

 

          Theodora Ooms, Marriage-Plus

 

      Debate: Is Assuming the Role of Citizen Journalist Worth the Risk?

 

          Lily Yulianti, Praise For Student’s Footage Of Virginia Tech Mass Killing

 

          Mark Memmott with Alan Levin and Greg Livadas, Disaster Photos: Newsworthy or

          Irresponsible?

 

     Assignments for Providing Support

 

     Research Readiness: Using Books for Support

 

7. Warrants

 

     What Are Warrants?

 

          Robert A. Sirico, An Unjust Sacrifice

 

     Types of Warrants

 

     Sample Annotated Essay

 

          Michael Levin, The Case for Torture

 

     Writer’s Guide: Recognizing Warrants

 

     Readings for Analysis

 

          Eric Auchard, We’re All Celebrities in Post-Privacy Age

 

          *Careerbuilder.com, Don’t Jump [Advertisement]

 

          *Jeff Jacoby, What’s Wrong With Price Gouging?

 

          *BackBayalltheWay, Response To Jacoby

 

     *Debate: Is Recycling Plastic Good Stewardship or Bad Business?

 

          *John Trotti, Why Let Stewardship Get in the Way of a Quick Buck?

 

          *Sharon Kneiss, Argument for Recycling is Strong

 

     Assignments for Analyzing Warrants

 

     Research Readiness: Identifying Reliable Authorities

 

8. Logic

 

     Induction

 

     Sample Essay: An Inductive Argument
  
          Richard Rothstein, True Or False: Schools Fail Immigrants
 
     Deduction

 

     Sample Annotated Essay: A Deductive Argument

 

          David Von Drehle, It’s All About Him

 

     Common Fallacies

 

     Writer’s Guide: Avoiding Logical Fallacies

 

     Readings for Analysis

 

          *Adolf Hitler, On Nation And Race
 
          *Leon Seltzer and David Niose, Teen Sex: The “Holy”—vs. Humanistic—   Approach

 

          Jennifer Grossman, Food For Thought (and for Credit)

 

     Debate: Should the Federal Government Fund Embryonic Stem-Cell Research?

 

          Anna Quindlen, A New Look, an Old Battle

 

          Mona Charen, The Misleading Debate On Stem-Cell Research

 

     Assignments for Avoiding Flawed Logic

 

     Research Readiness: Using Up-to-Date Data

 

9. Language

 

     The Power of Words

 

          Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address To Congress, December 8, 1941

 

     Connotation

 

     Slanting

 

          Newman P. Birk and Genevieve B. Birk, Selection, Slanting, and Charged Language
 
     Picturesque Language

 

     Concrete and Abstract Language

 

     Short Cuts

 

     Sample Annotated Essay

 

          George W. Bush, President’s Address to the Nation, September 11, 2006

 

     Writer’s Guide: Choosing Your Words Carefully

 

     Readings for Analysis
 
          *William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech

 

          *Jacob Neusner, The Speech The Graduates Didn’t Hear

 

          *R. Cort Kirkwood, Driving Home Their Point 

 

     Debate: Does the Government Have the Right to Regulate Guns?

 

          Warren E. Burger, The Right To Bear Arms

 

          Roger D. McGrath, A God-Given Natural Right

 

     Assignments for Choosing Fair and Precise Language

 

     Research Readiness: Following a Research Trail
  
Part Three: Researching, Writing, and Presenting Arguments
 
10. The Argumentative Paper: Planning and Research

 

     Finding an Appropriate Topic

 

     Initiating Research

 

     Writer’s Guide: Keeping Your Research on Track

 

     Mapping Research: A Sample Outline

 

     Using Sources: Primary Research

 

     Using Sources: Secondary Research 

 

     Evaluating Sources

 

     Taking Notes

 

     Documenting Your Research (MLA System)

 

     Documenting Your Research (APA System)

 

     Wrapping Up Research

 

11. The Argumentative Paper: Writing and Documentation

 

     Organizing the Material

 

     Writing

 

     The MLA System for Citing Sources 

 

     Revising

 

     Preparing the Manuscript

 

     Writer’s Guide: Checklist for Argumentative Papers

 

     Sample Research Paper (MLA Style)

 

          *Kathleen Hedden, Competitive Foods and the Obesity Epidemic
  
     The APA System for Citing Sources

 

     Sample Research Paper (APA Style)

 

          Angela Mathers, The Controversy Over Women In Combat
  
12. Oral Argument

 

     The Audience

 

     Credibility

 

     Organization

 

     Language

 

     Support

 

     Presentation Aids

 

     Sample Persuasive Speech
 
          C. Renzi Stone, Live Longer And Healthier: Stop Eating Meat!

 

     Reading for Analysis  

 

          Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have A Dream
   
Part Four: Multiple Viewpoints

 

*13. How are Social Networking Sites Affecting Human Interactions?

 

     *David Disalvo, Are Social Networks Messing With Your Head?

 

     *Susan Greenfield, Children: Social Networking Sites, A Debate in the House of  Lords

 

     *Kurt Cagle, As The Internet Rewires Our Brains
 
     *Patrick White, Facebook: Watching the Watchers

 

     *Clive Thompson, Brave New World of Digital Intimacy

 

     *Isaac Gilman, Online Lives, Offline Consequences: Professionalism, Information Ethics, and

     Professional Students

 

     Thinking and Writing about Social Networking Sites

 

14. What is the Role of Sex and Violence in Popular Culture?

 

     Rebecca  L. Collins et al., Does Watching Sex on Television Influence Teens’ Sexual Activity?

 

     *Nancy Willard, Sex and The Internet: Challenging the Myths

 

     Thomas Doherty, Cultural Studies And “Forensic Noir”
 
     Richard Rhodes, Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence

 

     Jeff Jacoby, A Desensitized Society Drenched in Sleaze

 

     Evan Gahr, Gore For Sale
 
     *Donna M. Hughes, The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation

 

     Thinking and Writing About Sex and Violence in Popular Culture

 

*15. What Are the Ethical Costs of Putting Food on Our Tables?

 

     *Michael Pollan, Food Fight

 

     *Sharon Astyk and Aaron Newton, The Rich Get Richer, The Poor Go Hungry

 

     *Diane Brady, The Organic Myth

 

     *Anna Lappé, The Climate Crisis At The End Of Our Fork

 

     *Arturo Rodriguez, with Alexa Delwiche and Sheheryar Kaoosji, Cheap Food: Workers Pay

     The Price

 

     *Eric Holt Gimenez, The Fight Over Food Deserts: Corporate America Smacks its Way

     Down

 

     Thinking and Writing about the Ethics of Food

 

16. Is Academic Integrity on Our College Campuses under Assault?

 

      Bill Walsh, Expect, but Respect, Original Work by Students

 

      Julie Rawe, Battling Term-Paper Cheats

 

     *Turnitin.com, Answers to Common Legal Questions about Turnitin

 

     Donald L. McCabe, It Takes A Village: Academic Dishonesty and Educational Opportunity

 

     Susan Stoney and Mark McMahon, Bulletproof Assessment, War Stories, and  Tactics:

     Avoiding Cybercheating

 

     Amy Brittain, Universities Strike Back In Battle Over Illegal Downloads

 

     Thinking and Writing About Academic Integrity

 

*17. What Biases Shape the News that We See and Hear?

 

     *Andrew R. Cline, Media/Political Bias

 

     *Bill Press, America’s Town Meeting

 

     *Bernard Goldberg, Most Americans Just Don’t Trust Them

 

     *Jesse Walker, The Age of Limbaugh: When Politics and Popular Entertainment Collide

 

     *Dan Shelley, Secrets of Talk Radio

 

     *James Poniewozik, Polarized News? The Media's Moderate Bias

 

     Thinking and Writing about Media Bias

 

18. Are Limits on Freedom of Speech Ever Justified?

 

     Tom Toles, “First Amendment” [Cartoon]

 

     Alana Keynes, Student Sues School District for Banning Anti-War T-Shirt

 

     Julie Hilden, The “Bong Hits 4 Jesus” Student Speech Case: With Kenneth Starr Seeking

     High Court Review f the Ninth Circuit Decision, Is Someone Blowing Smoke?

 

     Annie Laurie Gaylor, The Case Against School Prayer

 

     Robert Garmong, Why We Need To Abolish The FCC

 

     Patti Waldmeir, Freedom of Speech and My Right to Silence at Bath Time

 

     Eric Foner, Dare Call it Treason

 

     James Poniewozik, The Imus Fallout: Who Can Say What?

 

     Thinking and Writing about the Limits on Freedom of Speech

 

19.  How Far Will We Go to Change Our Body Image?

 

     Jillian Croll, From Body Image and Adolescents

 

     *Carol Rose, On Pins and Needles Defending Artistic Expression

 

     *Nanci Hellmich, Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image?
  
     Joe Kita, All To Be Tall

 

     Allison Samuels, Smooth Operations

 

     Leslie Fiedler, The Tyranny Of The Normal

 

     Thinking and Writing about Body Image

 

20. In The World Of Medicine, Who Decides What Is Ethical?

 

     Joy Victory, Need An Organ? It Helps to Be Rich

 

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