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UNIT ONE: WRITING PARAGRAPHS
Chapter 1 Understanding the Writing Process
STEP 1: Planning
A. Understanding Paragraph Structure
B. Focusing on Your Assignment, Purpose, and Audience
C. Finding Ideas
Freewriting
Brainstorming
Clustering
Journal Writing
D. Identifying Your Main Idea and Writing a Topic Sentence
STEP 2: Organizing
E. Choosing Supporting Points
F. Arranging Supporting Points
STEP 3: Drafting
G. Drafting Your Paragraph
H. TESTing Your Paragraph
STEP 4: Revising and Editing
I. Revising Your Paragraph
J. Editing Your Paragraph
Chapter 2 TESTing Your Paragraphs
A. Using a Topic Sentence to Unify Your Paragraph
B. Using Evidence to Support Your Paragraph's Main Idea
C. Using a Summary Statement to Reinforce Your Paragraph's Unity
D. Using Transitions to Add Coherence to Your Paragraph
UNIT TWO: PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 3 Using Exemplification
A. What Is Exemplification?
B. Writing an Exemplification Paragraph
Chapter 4 Using Narration
A. What Is Narration?
B. Writing a Narrative Paragraph
Chapter 5 Using Description
A. What Is Description?
B. Writing a Descriptive Paragraph
Chapter 6 Using Process
A. What Is Process?
Process Explanations
Instructions
B. Writing a Process Paragraph
Chapter 7 Using Cause and Effect
A. What Is Cause and Effect?
Causes
Effects
B. Writing a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph
Chapter 8 Using Comparison and Contrast
A. What Is Comparison and Contrast?
Subject-by-Subject Comparisons
Point-by-Point Comparisons
B. Writing a Comparison-and-Contrast Paragraph
Chapter 9 Classification
A. What Is Classification?
B. Writing a Classification Paragraph
Chapter 10 Definition
A. What Is Definition?
B. Writing a Definition Paragraph
Chapter 11 Using Argument
A. What Is Argument?
B. Writing an Argument Paragraph
UNIT THREE: WRITING ESSAYS
Chapter 12 Writing an Essay
STEP 1: Planning
A. Understanding Essay Structure
B. Focusing on Your Assignment, Purpose, and Audience
C. Finding Ideas
Freewriting
Brainstorming
D. Identifying Your Main Idea and State Your Thesis
STEP 2: Organizing
E. Choosing Supporting Points
F. Arranging Your Supporting Points
STEP 3: Drafting
G. Drafting Your Essay
H. TESTing Your Essay
STEP 4: Revising and Editing
I. Revising Your Essay
J. Editing Your Essay
K. Checking Your Essay's Format
Chapter 13 Writing Introductions and Conclusions
A. Introductions
Beginning with a Narrative
Beginning with a Question (or a Series of Questions)
Beginning with a Definition
Beginning with a Quotation
Beginning with a Surprising Statement
B. Conclusions
Concluding with a Narrative
Concluding with a Prediction
Concluding with a Recommendation
Concluding with a Quotation
Chapter 14 Patterns of Essay Development
A. Exemplification
Model Exemplification Essay
B. Narration
Model Narrative Essay
C. Description
Model Descriptive Essay
D. Process
Model Process Essay
E. Cause and Effect
Model-and-Effect Essay
F. Comparison and Contrast
Model Comparison-and Contrast Essay
G. Classification
Model Classification Essay
H. Definition
Model Definition Essay
I. Argument
Model Argument Essay
UNIT FOUR: WRITING SENTENCES
Chapter 15 Writing Simple Sentences
A. Subjects
B. Prepositional Phrases
C. Verbs
Action Verbs
Linking Verbs
Helping Verbs
Chapter 16 Writing Compound Sentences
A. Using Coordinating Conjunctions
B. Using Semicolons
C. Using Transitional Words and Phrases
Chapter 17 Writing Complex Sentences
A. Identifying Complex Sentences
B. Using Subordinating Conjunctions
C. Using Relative Pronouns
Chapter 18 Writing Varied Sentences
A. Varying Sentence Types
B. Varying Sentence Openings
Beginning with Adverbs
Beginning with Prepositional Phrases
C. Combining Sentences
Using Present Participles
Using Past Participles
Using a Series of Words
Using Appositives
D. Varying Sentence Length
Chapter 19 Using Parallelism
A. Recognizing Parallel Structure
B. Using Parallel Structure
Paired Items
Items in a Series
Items in a List or in an Outline
Chapter 20 Using Words Effectively
A. Using Specific Words
B. Using Concise Language
C. Avoiding Slang
D. Avoiding Clichés
E. Using Similes and Metaphors
F. Avoiding Sexist Language
UNIT FIVE: SOLVING COMMON SENTENCE PROBLEMS
Chapter 21 Run-Ons
A. Recognizing Run-Ons
B. Correcting Run-Ons
Chapter 22 Sentence Fragments
A. Recognizing Fragments
B. Missing-Subject Fragments
C. Phrase Fragments
Appositive Fragments
Prepositional Phrase Fragments
D. Incomplete-Verb Fragments
- ing Fragments
Infinitive Fragments
E. Dependent Clause Fragments
Chapter 23 Subject-Verb Agreement
A. Understanding Subject-Verb Agreement
B. Compound Subjects
C. Be, Have, and Do
D. Words between Subject and Verb
E. Collective Noun Subjects
F. Indefinite Pronoun Subjects
G. Verbs before Subjects
Chapter 24 Illogical Shifts
A. Shifts in Tense
B. Shifts in Person
C. Shifts in Voice
Chapter 25 Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers
A. Correcting Dangling Modifiers
B. Correcting Misplaced Modifiers
UNIT SIX: UNDERSTANDING BASIC GRAMMAR
Chapter 26 Verbs: Past Tense
A. Regular Verbs
B. Irregular Verbs
C. Problem Verbs: Be
D. Problem Verbs: Can/Could and Will/Would
Can/Could
Will/Would
Chapter 27 Verbs: Past Participles
A. Regular Past Participles
B. Irregular Past Participles
C. The Present Perfect Tense
D. The Past Perfect Tense
E. Past Participles as Adjectives
Chapter 28 Nouns and Pronouns
A. Identifying Nouns
B. Forming Plural Nouns
C. Identifying Pronouns
D. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
E. Special Problems with Agreement
Compound Antecedents
Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents
Collective Noun Antecedents
F. Pronoun Case
Subjective Case
Objective Case
Possessive Case
G. Special Problems with Case
Pronouns in Compounds
Pronouns in Comparisons
Who and Whom
H. Reflexive Pronouns
Chapter 29 Adjectives and Adverbs
A. Identifying Adjectives and Adverbs
B. Comparatives and Superlatives
Forming Comparatives and Superlatives
Solving Special Problems with Comparatives and Superlatives
Chapter 30 Grammar and Usage for ESL Writers
A. Subjects in Sentences
B. Plural Nouns
C. Count and Noncount Nouns
D. Determiners with Count and Noncount Nouns
E. Articles
The Definite Article
Indefinite Articles
No Article
Articles with Proper Nouns
F. Negative Statements and Questions
Negative Statements
Questions
G. Verb Tense
H. Stative Verbs
I. Modal Auxiliaries
J. Gerunds
K. Placing Modifiers in Order
Required Order
Preferred Order
L. Choosing Prepositions
M. Prepositions in Familiar Expressions
N. Prepositions in Phrasal Verbs
Separable Phrasal Verbs
Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
UNIT SEVEN: UNDERSTANDING PUNCTUATION, MECHANICS, AND SPELLING
Chapter 31 Using Commas
A. Commas in a Series
B. Commas with Introductory Phrases and Transitional Words and Phrases
Introductory Phrases
Transitional Words and Phrases
C. Commas with Appositives
D. Commas with Nonrestrictive Clauses
E. Commas in Dates and Addresses
Dates
Addresses
F. Unnecessary Commas
Chapter 32 Using Apostrophes
A. Apostrophes in Contractions
B. Apostrophes in Possessives
Singular Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns
Plural Nouns
C. Incorrect Use of Apostrophes
Chapter 33 Using Other Punctuation Marks
A. Semicolons
B. Colons
C. Dashes and Parentheses
Chapter 34 Understanding Mechanics
A. Capitalizing Proper Nouns
B. Punctuating Quotations
C. Setting Off Titles
D. Hyphens
E. Abbreviations
F. Numbers
Chapter 35 Understanding Spelling
A. Becoming a Better Speller
B. ie and ei
C. Prefixes
D. Suffixes
Words Ending in Silent e
Words Ending in -y
Doubling the Final Consonant
E. Commonly Confused Words
UNIT EIGHT: READING ESSAYS
Chapter 36 Reading Critically
A. Previewing
B. Highlighting
C. Annotating
D. Outlining
E. Summarizing
F. Writing a Response Paragraph
Chapter 37: Readings for Writers
Exemplification
*“Don't Call Me a Hot Tamale, Judith Ortiz Cofer
*“Volunteer Workers of the World, Unite,” Nicols Fox Narration
“Orange Crush,” Liyun Li
*“Pick One,” David Matthews Description
*“An American in Mexico,” Alex Espinoza
*“A Fable for Tomorrow, “ Rachel Carson Process
*“Mummy Arts,” Adam Goodheart
*“My Grandmother's Dumpling,” Amy Ma Cause and Effect
*“The Poncho Bearer,” John Schwartz
*“Connected, Yes, But Hermetically Sealed,” Ben Stein Comparison and Contrast
*“My Two Lives,” Jhumpa Lahiri
“The Transaction,” William Zinsser Classification
*“'But What Do You Mean?'” Deborah Tannen
“The Dog Ate My Disk, and Other Tales of Woe,” Carolyn Foster Segal Definition
*“The Wife Beater,” Gayle Rosenwald Smith
*“Triskaidekaphobia,” Paul Hoffman Argument
“Don't Hang Up, That's My Mom Calling,” Bobbi Buchanan
*“For Most People, College Is a Waste of Time,” Charles Murray
*“Impounded Fathers,” Edwidge Danticat
APPENDIX A. STRATEGIES FOR COLLEGE SUCCESS
1. Orientation Strategies
2. First-Week Strategies
3. Day-to-Day Strategies
4. Time-Management Strategies
5. Note-Taking Strategies
During Class
After Class
Before the Next Class
6. Homework Strategies
7. Exam-Taking Strategies
Before the Exam
During the Exam
APPENDIX B. USING RESEARCH IN YOUR WRITING
1. Choosing a Topic
2. Doing Research
Finding Information in the Library
Finding Information on the Internet
3. Taking Notes
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Quoting
4. Watching Out for Plagiarism
5. Drafting Your Thesis
6. Making an Outline
7. Writing Your Paper
8. Documenting Your Sources
Parenthetical References in the Text
The Works-Cited List
Sample Essay using MLA Style
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercise Items Index Index of Rhetorical Patterns Correction Symbols
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