Power and Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa Book

	Illustrations
	Tables
	Abbreviations
	Preface
	Introduction: A Case Study of the Ciskei Region	3
Pt. 1	From Independence to Conquest
1	The Precolonial Past	17
	Khoisan Hunters and Herders	17
	Bantu-speaking Farmers during the Iron Age	22
	The Xhosa and Their Neighbors in the Eastern Cape	32
2	Frontier Zones in a Colonial Setting	43
	The Gamtoos-Fish Frontier Zone	44
	The Ciskei Frontier Zone	52
Pt. 2	Conflict, Accommodation, and Subordination in Cape Colonial Society
3	Peasants and Proletarians in a Transitional Economy	79
	Mercantile Trade in Commodities, Labor, and Land before the Mineral Revolution	80
	Strategies for Survival in a Rural African Society	87
	A New Political Order inside the Ciskei Locations	94
	The Impact of the Mineral Discoveries	96
	The Dynamics of Proletarianization Following the Mineral Revolution	98
4	The Mission Enterprise	112
	The Missionaries and African Culture	115
	The Growth of an African Church	122
	Educating the African Christian Community	127
5	African Christians and the Cape Liberal Tradition	136
	Strategies of Participation in Colonial Politics	139
	African Political Opinion and the Petty Bourgeoisie	147
	Regional African Politics in the 1880s and 1890s	150
	The Decline of African Participation in Colonial Politics	155
6	The Beginnings of African Nationalism	160
	The Campaign for and against the Union of South Africa	164
	Launching an African University in South Africa	177
	Clergy and Church in Schism and Separation	181
Pt. 3	Repression and Revolt in South Africa's Periphery
7	The Underdevelopment of an African Reserve	193
	Land and Population, 1910-1950	194
	Inside the Reserve: A District in Profile	200
	A Mosaic of Dependency, 1920-1950	207
	State Intervention in the Reserves	220
8	Opposition Politics and Popular Resistance I	243
	African Protest Politics between the World Wars	246
	Popular Resistance in Town and Countryside	256
	The Crusade against Hertzog's Native Bills	272
9	Opposition Politics and Popular Resistance II	284
	The Resurgence of the ANC in National Politics	288
	The Beginnings of a Mass Movement	294
	Ferment in the Ciskei	301
10	African Labor and the State in the Apartheid Era	313
	Modernizing the Labor Control System in South Africa	314
	The Transformation of the Periphery	323
	The Ciskei from Reserve to National State	330
11	The Legacy of the Ciskei in South Africa	351
	The Black Consciousness Movement	356
	The Revived Trade Union Movement	362
	Notes	367
	Index	429