Who Is Black? Book

	Preface
Ch. 1	The Nation's Rule	1
	The One-Drop Rule Defined	4
	Black Leaders, But Predominantly White	6
	Plessy, Phipps, and Other Challenges in the Courts	8
	Census Enumeration of Blacks	11
	Uniqueness of the One-Drop Rule	13
Ch. 2	Miscegenation and Beliefs	17
	Racial Classification and Miscegenation	19
	Racist Beliefs About Miscegenation	23
	The Judge Brady Paradox	27
	Miscegenation in Africa and Europe	28
	Race vs. Beliefs About Race	29
Ch. 3	Conflicting Rules	31
	Early Miscegenation in the Upper South: The Rule Emerges	33
	South Carolina and Louisiana: A Different Rule	34
	Miscegenation on Black Belt Plantations	38
	Reconstruction and the One-Drop Rule	42
	The Status of Free Mulattoes, North and South	46
	The Emergence and Spread of the One-Drop Rule	47
Ch. 4	The Rule Becomes Firm	51
	Creation of the Jim Crow System	52
	The One-Drop Rule Under Jim Crow	54
	Effects of the Black Renaissance of the 1920s	58
	The Rule and Myrdal's Rank Order of Discriminations	60
	Sexual Norms and the Rule: Jim Crow vs. Apartheid	66
	Effects of the Fall of Jim Crow	68
	De Facto Segregation and Miscegenation	70
	Miscegenation Since the 1960s	73
	Development of the One-Drop Rule in the Twentieth Century	77
Ch. 5	Other Places, Other Definitions	81
	Racial Hybrid Status Lower Than Both Parent Groups	82
	Status Higher Than Either Parent Group	87
	In-Between Status: South Africa and Others	90
	Highly Variable Class Status: Latin America	99
	Two Variants in the Caribbean	105
	Equality for the Racially Mixed in Hawaii	109
	Same Status as the Subordinate Group: The One-Drop Rule	113
	Status of an Assimilating Minority	117
	Contrasting Socially Constructed Rules	119
Ch. 6	Black Acceptance of the Rule	123
	Alex Haley, Lillian Smith, and Others	124
	Transracial Adoptions and the One-Drop Rule	128
	Rejection of the Rule: Garvey, American Indians, and Others	132
	Black Acceptance: Reasons and Implications	137
Ch. 7	Ambiguities, Strains, Conflicts, and Traumas
	The Death of Walter White's Father and Other Traumas	142
	Collective Anxieties About Racial Identity: Some Cases	144
	Personal Identity: Seven Modes of Adjustment	149
	Lena Horne's Struggles with Her Racial Identity	150
	Problems of Administering the One-Drop Rule	156
	Misperceptions of the Racial Identity of South Asians, Arabs, and Others	160
	Sampling Errors in Studying American Blacks	164
	Blockage of Full Assimilation of Blacks	167
	Costs of the One-Drop Rule	168
Ch. 8	Issues and Prospects	171
	A Massive Distortion? A Monstrous Myth?	172
	Clues for Change in Deviations from the Rule	175
	Clues for Change in Costs of the Rule	176
	Possible Direction: Which Alternative?	180
	Prospects for the Future	184
	Epilogue to the Tenth Anniversary Edition	189
	Works Cited	201
	Index	209