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Preface/Walkthrough xii
Acknowledgments xxiv
About the Authors 1
Foundations of american government
American Government: Democracy in Action 3
American Democracy and the Individual Citizen 3
The Unique Democracy of the United States 8
Themes of This Book 9
Citizen Participation in Democratic Government 9
Pathways of Action 12
Pathways of Action: Active Students and Local Air Pollution Laws 16
Pathways Profile: A. Philip Randolph 18
Diversity in American Society 18
Citizen Participation and Pathways: The Example of Abortion 21
Change and Stability in American Government 23
Sources of Stability 24
Pathways Profile: The Political Culture of Our Neighbor to the North 26
Conclusion 28
Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework 33
The Cry for Liberty, Equality,...and Slavery? 33
The Nature of Government and Politics 36
Types of Governments 38
Economic Systems 40
Early Governance in America 41
Pathways of Action: The Sons of Liberty 43
The American Revolution 44
Pathways Profile: Thomas Paine and the "Common Sense" of Democracy 47
The Declaration of Independence 48
The Colonial Experience and the Pathways of Change 51
Pathways Past and Present: Tiimothy McVeigh's Revolution? 51
The Articles of Confederation 53
Limitations of the Articles of Confederation 54
Shays's Rebellion: An Alternative Look 55
The Constitutional Convention 56
The Great Compromise 57
The Three-Fifths Compromise 58
The Sectional Compromise 59
The U.S. Constitution 60
The Struggle over Ratification 65
The Federalist Papers 66
The Anti-Federalists' Response 67
Other Challenges Faced by the New Nation 69
A Second Revolution 69
Jacksonian Democracy 71
Conclusion 73
Federalism 79
No Child Left Behind and the Ongoing Debate over Authority 79
Why Divide Authority in the First Place? 83
The Evolution of Federalism in the United States 86
Before the Civil War 86
Pathways Profile: John Marshall 86
Pathways of Action: The Civil War and the Failure of American Politics 88
Federalism after the Civil War 89
Federal Power: The Supreme Court and the New Deal 92
Recent Trends in Federalism 96
The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism 96
The Great Society and Creative Federalism 97
The Changing Nature of Federal Grants 98
Pathways of Action: Mandates to Prompt Change 100
New Federalism 100
Pathways Past and Present: Dillon's Rule versus Home Rule 101
Devolution 102
Pathways of Action: Intergovernmental Lobbyists 103
Pathways of Action: States' Rights-For Liberals? 104
The Supreme Court's Shift in Perspective 105
Conclusion 106
The institutions of american government
The Judiciary 111
Controversy over Same-Sex Marriage 111
Court Structure and Processes 114
The Adversarial System 114
Trial Courts 115
Appellate Courts 117
The United States Supreme Court 118
Pathways Profile: Ruth Bader Ginsburg 121
The Power of American Judges 122
Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation 123
Judicial Review 124
Federal Judges' Protected Tenure 127
Judicial Selection and Judges' Decision Making 129
Judicial Selection in the Federal System 130
Pathways Past and Present: Diversity in the Judiciary 130
Judicial Selection in the States 132
Judges' Decision Making 134
Political Science and Judicial Decision Making 136
Action in the Court Pathway 137
Pathways Profile: John G. Roberts Jr. 138
Interest Group Litigation 138
Pathways of Action: The NAACP and Racial Segregation 139
Elements of Strategy 140
Implementation and Impact 142
Judicial Policymaking and Democracy 144
Conclusion 146
Civil Liberties 153
Restrictions on Freedom of Speech 153
The Bill of Rights in History 156
Early Interpretation of the Bill of Rights 157
The Incorporation Process and the Nationalization of Constitutional Rights 158
Pathways of Action: Cruel and Unusual Punishment 160
First Amendment Rights 161
Freedom of Speech 167
Pathways Profile: Mary Beth Tinker 168
Freedom of the Press 170
Pathways Past and Present: Supreme Court Workload 171
Obscenity 172
Freedom of Religion 175
Civil Liberties and Criminal Justice 180
The Right to Bear Arms 180
Search and Seizure 181
Self-Incrimination 184
Trial Rights 186
Pathways Profile: Clarence Earl Gideon 187
Capital Punishment 189
Privacy 191
Abortion 192
Private Sexual Conduct 195
Conclusion 198
Civil Rights 205
The Controversy over Affirmative Action 205
The Ideal of Equality 209
Equal Protection of the Law 211
The Fourteenth Amendment and Reconstruction 215
The Rise and Persistence of Racial Oppression 216
Pathways Profile: Fred Korematsu 220
Litigation Strategies and School Segregation 221
Clarifying the Coverage of the Equal Protection Clause 224
Pathways of Action: Restrictive Covenants 227
Grassroots Mobilization and Civil Rights 228
African Americans and Civil Rights 228
Pathways Past and Present: Technology and Grassroots Mobilization 231
Civil Rights Legislation 233
Women and Civil Rights 235
Latinos and Civil Rights 238
Contemporary Civil Rights Issues 240
Complexity of Issues 241
Emerging Groups 241
Conclusion 243
Congress 249
Health, Human Services,...and Less Restrictive Gun Laws? 249
The Nature and Style of Representation 252
Congress and the Constitution 255
Redistricting 259
Pathways of Action: The Texas Redistricting Battle 260
Organizing the Legislative Process 265
Standing Committees: The Workhorses of the Legislature 265
What Committees Do 267
Political Parties in the Legislature 270
Legislative Leadership 272
Pathways Profile: Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi Makes History 273
Legislative Rules and Norms 274
Pathways Past and Present: The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner 276
Pathways of Action: Bridges to Nowhere? 278
How a Bill Becomes Law 279
Making Laws: A Summary 281
Who Sits in Congress? 282
Gender 282
Race and Ethnicity 282
Pathways Profile: Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas 283
Income and Occupation 284
Congressional Ethics 286
Conclusion 290
The Presidency 297
From Storyteller to Commander in Chief-in Seven Minutes 297
Early Concerns about Executive Power 300
The President and the Constitution 302
The Constitutional Convention 302
Article II and Ratification of the Constitution 304
The Evolution of the Presidency 305
Models of Presidential Power 307
Pathways Past and Present: Theodore Roosevelt and the Bully Pulpit 307
Institutional Changes 309
Pathways of Action: FDR Takes Charge! 311
Pathways Profile: Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State and Political Scientist 313
The Changing Role of the Vice President 314
Informal Powers of the President 315
First Ladies 317
The Many Roles of Modern Presidents 318
The President as Chief of State 318
The President as Chief Legislator 319
The President as Chief Diplomat 321
The President as Commander in Chief 323
The President as Chief Executive 325
Presidential Greatness 327
Conclusion 330
Bureaucracy 337
Government and Natural Disasters 337
Pathways of Action: Arsenic Standards for Drinking Water 340
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy 341
Development of the Federal Bureaucracy 342
Pathways Past and Present: Reorganization of the Bureaucracy 345
Departments 346
Independent Agencies, Independent Regulatory Commissions, and Government Corporations 349
Pathways Profile: Joan Claybrook 350
The Nature of Bureaucracy 352
The Image of Bureaucracy 352
The Advantages of Bureaucracy 353
The Problems of Government Bureaucracy 357
Reform of the Bureaucracy 358
The Lobbying Pathway and Policymaking 359
The Bureaucracy and Legislation 359
Pathways Profile: Jeffrey N. Shane 361
The Bureaucracy and Information 361
Regulations 363
Quasi-Judicial Processes 365
Oversight and Accountability 366
Conclusion 367
The american public and the democratic process
Political Socialization and Public Opinion 373
Change in Action: Views of Homosexuality 373
Public Opinion 376
Fundamental Values 378
The Stability of Political Beliefs 380
Pathways Past and Present: Sexism Reconsidered 381
The Impact of Popular Culture on Political Opinions and Values 382
The Power of Popular Culture 384
From Values to Ideology 385
Pathways Profile: New College Conservatives 386
Political Socialization 387
Family 387
School 388
Peers and Community 390
Religion 390
The Media 390
Impact of Events 391
Social Groups and Political Values 392
Economic Bases of Partisanship and Public Opinion 392
Education 394
Religion 394
Pathways Profile: Jim Wallis 395
Race and Ethnicity 397
Gender 399
Measuring Public Opinion 401
Use of Polls 401
History of Polling 402
Pathways Profile: George Gallup 403
Modern Polling Techniques 403
Survey Research 405
Controversies Surrounding Polling 408
Conclusion 409
The Politics of the Media 417
Media and Cultural Change 417
Mass Media 420
History of Mass Media 422
Print Media 422
Electronic Media 425
Pathways Profile: Edward R. Murrow 426
Functions of the Media 429
Entertainment 429
Pathways Past and Present: The Role of Profits 430
Social Effects of the Media 431
Pathways Profile: Dorothea Lange, Photojournalist 431
Pathways Profile: The Typical Journalist 434
Political Use of Media 436
How Politicians Make the News 436
How Journalists Report the News 436
Pathways of Action: The Strategic Use of Leaks 439
How Groups Use the Media 442
The Media and the Public in the Political Arena 443
Media in Campaigns 443
Global Issues 445
Narrowcasting 446
Concentration and Centralization of Ownership 447
Governmental Regulations 448
The Right to Privacy 449
Rules regarding Content and Ownership 449
Challenges Related to the New Media 450
Conclusion 451
Civic and Political Engagement 457
Citizens in Action, Rocking the Vote 457
Activism and Protest in the United States: A Brief History 461
Protest in Colonial America 462
The Right to Revolt 463
Influencing the Government through Mobilization and Participation 465
Constitutional Guarantees for Citizen Activism and Mobilization 465
Early Social Movements: The First National Groups Emerge, 1830s-1890 466
The Abolitionist Movement 467
Pathways Profile: Frederick Douglass 467
The Women's Rights Movement: The First Wave 468
Pathways Profile: Alice Stokes Paul 469
The Prohibition Movement 470
Progressive Era Movements, 1890s-1920 472
The Rise of Labor Unions 472
Business Groups and Trade Associations 473
New Politics: Mass Movements of the Modern Era 474
Vietnam and the Antiwar Movement 474
The Civil Rights Movement 475
The Women's Rights Movement: The Second Wave 476
Pathways of Action: The Equal Rights Amendment 477
The Gay Rights Movement 479
Conservative Christian Groups 480
Pathways Profile: James Dobson 481
Older and Newer Mobilization Tactics 482
Theory versus Practice 484
Free Association and Expression versus National Security 484
9/11 and the USA Patriot Act 485
Freedom, Activism, and Public Opinion 487
The Age of Apathy? 487
Pathways of Action: Youth Groups 490
Conclusion 491
Interest Groups 499
The Power of the National Rifle Association 499
The Role of Interest Groups in the Policy Process 502
What Are Interest Groups? 502
Pathways of Action: LULAC 503
Functions of Interest Groups in a Democratic Society 504
The Interest Group Explosion 504
Pathways Profile: Ralph Nader 505
Types of Interest Groups 506
Bias in Representation: Who Participates? 509
Difficulties in Mobilization 510
Overcoming Organizational Barriers 511
The Role of Interest Group Leaders 512
Pathways Profile: Bruce S. Gordon 513
Inside and Outside Lobbying 515
Pathways of Action: The K Street Project 517
Pathways Profile: Recording Artists Coalition 518
Outside Lobbying 518
Lobbying Other Groups and Forming Alliances 519
Grassroots Mobilization 520
Grassroots Lobbying Tactics 520
Campaign Activities 524
Pathways Past and Present: Traditional Volunteers versus Paid Professionals 525
The Importance of Money in Mobilization 526
Uses of Money 526
Fundraising Tactics 526
Interest Group Influence 527
Conclusion 528
Elections and Political Participation in America 533
How Much for That Senate Seat? 533
Elections and Democratic Theory 537
Republicanism and Different Ways to Select Leaders 537
Elections as an Expression of Popular Will 537
Stability and Legitimacy 537
Pathways of Action: The Power of the Purple Finger 539
Civic Education 540
Fulfilling One's Civic Duty 540
A Safety Valve 540
The Limitations of Elections 541
Elections as a Placebo 541
A Poor Measure of Public Sentiment 541
The Atomization of Politics 542
Constricting the Pool of Public Officials 542
A Broken Process? 542
Elections and the Law 543
The Electoral College 543
Pathways Past and Present: Four Winners Who Lost 544
Amendments to the Constitution and the Electoral Process 546
Voting and Legislative Acts 548
Referendums, Initiatives, and Recalls 550
The Future of the Ballot Initiative as a Pathway of Change 551
The Role of Money in Elections 552
Pathways Profile: Two Innovative Campaign Operatives 554
The Rage for Reform 554
Political Action Committees 556
The Incumbent Fundraising Advantage 556
Reforming the Reforms: BCRA 559
The Ironies of Money and Politics 562
Levels of Political Participation 562
The Shrinking Electorate 563
Why Has Turnout Declined? 564
Pathways Profile: Mark Shield-"This I Believe" 567
Voting and Demographic Characteristics 568
Are Young Voters Tuning Out? 569
Are They Getting the Message? Young Voters in the 2004 and 2006 Elections 569
Pathways Profile: Citizen Change: Puffy Gets Political 570
Conclusion 571
Political Parties 579
Religion and Party Politics 579
What Is a Political Party? 582
Party Functions 583
The Components of Political Parties 586
Party-in-Government 586
Pathways of Action: The Contract with America 587
Party-in-the-Electorate 589
Realignment Theory 590
Party-as-Organization 591
Party Eras in American History 594
The Emergence of Parties in America (1790s-1828) 595
The Heyday of Parties (1828-1900) 596
Party Decline (1900-1970s) 597
Organizational Resurgence (1970s-Present) 599
Minor Parties in American Politics 600
Barriers to Minor Party Success 600
Minor Parties in American History 601
Minor Parties in the Twenty-First Century 605
Political Parties and Ideology 606
The Nomination Process 609
Different Primary Systems 609
Presidential Nominations 610
Pathways of Action: Howard Dean's Innovative Internet Campaign 612
A-More Democratic Process? 613
Conclusion 614
Public policy
Public Policy in the United States 621
Hooters and Polluters: The Politics of Public Policy 621
The Nature of Public Policy 624
Ideas and Values in Public Policy 624
Freedom 627
Equality 627
Political Ideology 628
Pathways Profile: Rachel Carson 629
Types of Public Policy 630
The Public Policy Process 631
Identifying the Problem 633
Pathways of Action: Mothers Against Drunk Driving 633
Setting an Agenda 634
Formulating and Legitimizing Policy 634
Pathways Past and Present: The Welfare Debate 637
Implementing Policy 638
Alternative Views of the Policy Process 640
Conclusion 642
Making Economic Policy 649
A Bridge Too Far 649
Economic Basics 652
The Big Five: Measuring Economic Performance &n
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