Crime Scene Photography Book

Foreword to the Second Edition xi

Foreword to the First Edition xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Introduction xvii

Chapter 1 History of Forensic Imaging Robert C. Sanders, M.A. 1

My Inspiration 1

The Practical Value 2

The History 3

Summary 17

Chapter 2 Composition and Cardinal Rules 19

Use-Once (or, Use One Time) Camera versus a Professional Camera System 20

Composition and Cardinal Rules 22

Cardinal Rules of Crime Scene Photography 46

Summary 47

Chapter 3 Basic Exposure (Non-Flash) Concepts 51

The Proper Exposure Triangle 52

Shutter Speed as Motion Control 76

Using Slow Shutter Speeds to Eliminate Rain and Snow 79

Reciprocal Exposures 82

The Reflective Light Meter 86

"Normal" and "Non-Normal" Scenes 90

Tools for Determining "Proper" Exposures with Tricky Scenes 98

Bracketing 103

The F/16 Sunny Day Rule 107

Causes for Complete Rolls of Film with Exposure Errors 111

Common Filters 112

The Eye Cup Cover 119

Summary 121

Chapter 4 Focus, Depth of Field, and Lenses 125

Focus 126

Depth of Field 156

Lenses 166

Summary 206

Chapter 5 Electronic Flash 209

Guide Numbers 210

Flash Sync Speeds 213

Set the Flash for the Film Used (If Still Using a Film Camera) 217

Manual Flash Mode 217

The Inverse Square Law 237

Automatic and Dedicated Flash Exposure Modes 242

Built-in Flash Units 250

Fill-in Flash 251

Oblique Light, Both Flash and Non-Flash (Flashlight) 258

Bounce Flash 279

Painting with Light 286

Summary 300

Chapter 6 Crime Scene Photography 305

Photo Documentation Forms 306

Overall Photographs 313

Midrange Photographs 329

Close-Up Photographs 336

The Photographic Documentation of Bodies and Wounds 341

Summary 363

Chapter 7 Ultraviolet, Infrared, and Fluorescence 367

The Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) 363

Ultraviolet Light (UV) 373

Infrared Light (IR) on the Electromagnetic Spectrum 380

Visible Light Fluorescence 387

Summary 394

Chapter 8 Photogrammetry 399

Introduction to Photogrammetry 400

Perspective Grid Photogrammetry 402

Perspective Disc Photogrammetry 417

Natural Grid Photogrammetry 422

Reverse Projection Photogrammetry 428

Rhino Photogrammetry 432

Summary 436

Chapter 9 Special Photography Situations 441

Accident Photography 442

Surveillance Photography 459

Aerial Photography 468

Underwater Photography 474

Summary 484

Chapter 10 Digital Imaging Technologies David "Ski" Witzke 489

In the Beginning 490

Expose Yourself to Digital Imaging Concepts: Bits, Bytes, Pixels, and Dots 500

Take a Picture! It Lasts Longer ? Or Does It? 511

Image S&M ? Storage and Management of Your Digital Images 518

Summary 530

Chapter 11 Digital Image Processing of Evidentiary Photography David "Ski" Witzke 533

Best Practices and Guidelines 537

General Guidelines and Requirements 537

The Order of Enhancements 540

Getting Started 541

The Imaging Process (The Act Formerly Known as "Enhancement") 549

Summary 580

Chapter 12 Legal Issues Related to Photographs and Digital Images 583

Criteria of Photographs and Digital Images as Evidence 584

The Purpose of Crime Scene Photographs 594

Photographs of Suspects and Evidence 594

Legal Implications of Digital Imaging 596

International Association for Identification (IAI) Resolution 97-9 604

Case Law Citations Relevant to Film and Digital Images 605

Canadian Cases 642

Summary 648

Appendix 651

Glossary 667

Subject Index 685