Inclusive Cultural Empathy: Making Relationships Central in Counseling and Psychotherapy Book

List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits     xi
Preface     xv
Introduction     3
Traditional and Nontraditional Perspectives on Empathy, Help-Seeking, and Healthy Outcomes     7
The Historical Roots of Empathy     8
Cultural Assumptions of Empathy: A Critique     12
Globalization of Counseling and Psychotherapy     14
The Inclusion of Formal and Informal Support Systems     16
Conclusion: Possibilities for Empathy     20
Toward More Inclusive Empathy: A Survey of Relational Worldviews and Alternative Modes of Helping     23
The Importance of Collectivistic and Individualistic Theories     24
The Importance of High- and Low-Context Theories     26
What Is the Essence of Self?     27
Synthetic Culture Examples of Cultural Diversity     34
A Survey of Non-Western Therapies     37
Conclusion     39
Defining Inclusive Cultural Empathy     41
A Conceptual Model of Inclusive Cultural Empathy     41
How ICE Incorporates and Adds to Multicultural Competence     44
An Inclusive Definition of Culture     47
An Inclusive Definition of Positive Therapy Outcomes     50
Developing Inclusive Cultural Empathy     53
The Contrasting Process of Moral Exclusion     57
Conclusion     59
Affective Acceptance: Relating to and Understanding Ourselves and Others     61
We Are Both Similar and Different at the Same Time     62
Culture Is Complex and Not Simple     70
Behaviors by Themselves Are Not Meaningful     76
Not All Racism Is Intentional     80
Conclusion     91
Affective Acceptance: Embracing Inclusion and Developing Empathy     93
Counselors Are All Vulnerable to Cultural Encapsulation     93
Inclusion Is More Likely to Define a Cultural Context Than Exclusion     101
Internal Spiritual Resources Are Important     104
Ambiguity, Although Inconvenient, Has Potentially Positive Value     109
Final Thoughts on Affective Acceptance     112
Intellectual Understanding: Race, Gender, Religion, and Spirituality     115
Key Cultural Identity Constructs     116
The Importance of Salience     117
Race     119
Gender     125
Religion/Spirituality     129
Conclusion     134
Intellectual Understanding: Examining Other Key Cultural Identity Constructs     135
Affectional Orientation      135
Age     139
Physical and Mental Capacity Issues     144
Class and Socioeconomic Status     145
Convergence and Salience     151
Final Thoughts on Intellectual Understanding     151
Integral Skills: Hearing Our Culture Teachers Through Empathy     155
Purpose of Internal Dialogue     156
The Triad Training Model as a Way to Practice Hearing Internal Dialogue     161
Debriefing     164
Other Internal Dialogue Training Models     167
Reflection of Feelings     169
Reflection of Meanings     175
Combining Feeling and Meaning: A Balancing Act     177
Conclusion     178
Integral Skills: Microskills for Inclusive Cultural Empathy     181
Mistakes and Recoveries     182
Articulating the Problem From the Client's Perspective     183
Recognizing Client Resistance to the Helper or Helping Process     184
Overcoming Defensiveness Toward Clients     185
Developing Multicultural Competencies With the Triad Training Model     186
Demonstrating the Triad Training Model in Action     195
Conclusion     198
Empowerment Applications of Inclusive Cultural Empathy      199
Multiculturalism Is Inclusive and Broadly Defined     200
Empowerment Through Inclusive Cultural Empathy     202
The Dangers of Cultural Encapsulation and Exclusion     209
The Intrapersonal Cultural Grid     210
The Interpersonal Cultural Grid     211
Conclusion     222
Conclusion: Developing Multicultural Awareness, Knowledge, and Skill     223
Multiculturalism as a Fourth Force     224
Culture-Centered Advocacy Competencies     228
The Awareness-Knowledge-Skill Model     230
The Benefits of Multicultural Awareness     232
The Generic Importance of Multicultural Knowledge     233
The Generic Application of Multicultural Skill     235
Conclusion     241
Guidelines for the Four Synthetic Cultures     243
Practicing Inclusive Cultural Empathy With Synthetic Cultures     249
References     255
Author Index     277
Subject Index     285
About the Authors     299