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Contributors xv
Preface xxi
1 The Human Insulin Superfamily of Polypeptide Hormones Fazel Shabanpoor Frances Separovic John D. Wade 1
I Introduction 2
II Relaxin Peptide Hormone Subfamily 10
III Concluding Remarks 22
Acknowledgments 22
References 22
2 The Structure and Function of Insulin: Decoding the TR Transition Michael A. Weiss 33
I Introduction 34
II Structure-Activity Relationships 38
III Implications for the Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus 44
IV Concluding Remarks 45
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
3 Molecular Mechanisms of Differential Intracellular Signaling From the Insulin Receptor Maja Jensen Pierre De Meyts 51
I Overview 52
II Insulin and the IR 53
III Modulation of IR Activity 57
IV Differential Activation of the IR 63
V Conclusions/Final Words 67
References 68
4 c-Abl and Insulin Receptor Signalling Marco Genua Giuseppe Pandini Maria Francesca Cassarino Rosa Linda Messina Francesco Frasca 77
I Introduction 78
II Insulin and IGF-IRs 79
III Metabolic Versus Mitogenic Effect of IR 83
IV c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase 87
V c-Abl and IR Signalling 93
VI Concluding Remarks 98
Acknowledgments 99
References 99
5 CXCL14 and Insulin Action Takahiko Hara Yuki Nakayama 107
I Introduction 108
II Basic Properties ofCXCL14 109
III Biological Activities of CXCL14 113
IV Novel Functions ofCXCL14 Revealed by Knockout Mice 115
V Signal Cross-Talk Between CXCL14and Insulin 119
VI CXCL14as a Metabolic Regulator 119
VII Conclusions 121
References 121
6 Crosstalk Between Growth Hormone and Insulin Signaling Jie Xu Joseph L. Messina 125
I Introduction 126
II GH Signaling 127
III Insulin Signaling 130
IV Regulationof GH Signaling by Insulin 131
V Regulation of Insulin Signaling by Chronic GH 140
VI Conclusions 142
Acknowledgments 143
References 143
7 Intracellular Retention and Insulin-Stimulated Mobilization of <$$$> Glucose Transporters Bradley R. Rubin Jonathan S. Bogan 155
I Introduction 156
II <$$$> Storage Vesicles (GSVs) 158
III Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) 162
IV Stability and Trafficking of <$$$> and IRAP 164
V TUG, an Essential Component of a Retention Receptor for <$$$> 166
VI From What Membranes do GSVs Originate? 174
VII A General Mechanism for the Regulated Targeting of Membrane Proteins 176
VIII Conclusions 179
Acknowledgments 179
References 179
8 Compartmentalization and Regulation of Insulin Signaling to <$$$> by the Cytoskeleton Craig A. Eyster Ann Louise Olson 193
I Introduction 194
II Insulin Signaling to <$$$> Vesicles 195
III <$$$> Vesicle Membrane Trafficking 200
IV <$$$> Vesicle Fusion 205
V Conclusions 208
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
9 Nutrient Modulation of Insulin Secretion Nimbe Torres Lilia Noriega Armando R. Tovar 217
I Introduction 218
II Overview of Insulin Secretion 219
III Nutrient Regulation of Insulin Secretion 224
References 238
10 How Insulin Regulates Glucose Transport in Adipocytes Joseph M. Muretta Cynthia Corley Mastick 245
I Introduction 246
II Historical Perspective 250
III Current Views and Controversies 265
IV Conclusions and Future Directions 277
References 278
11 Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate Signalling Anders Tengholm Olof Idevall-Hagren 287
I Introduction 288
II Synthesis and Degradation of <$$$> 289
III Real-Time Measurements of <$$$> in Living Cells 292
IV Spatio-Temporal Patterns of <$$$> Signals 295
V <$$$> Oscillations and Autocrine Insulin Signalling in β-Cells 297
VI Significance of <$$$> Oscillations 300
VII Concluding Remarks 302
Acknowledgments 303
References 303
12 Serine Kinases of Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins Sigalit Boura-Halfon Yehiel Zick 313
I Introduction 314
II Insulin and IGF-1 Signaling 314
III Regulation of Insulin and IGF-1 Signaling: Role of Ser/Thr Phosphorylation of IRS Proteins 319
IV The Consequences of Ser Phosphorylation of IRS Proteins 328
V Ser Phosphorylation of IRS Proteins as an Array Phenomenon 333
VI Summary 336
References 337
13 Phosphorylation of IRS Proteins: Yin-Yang Regulation of Insulin Signaling Xiao Jian Sun Feng Liu 351
I Introduction 352
II Discovery of the IRS Proteins 353
III Molecular Structure of the IRS Proteins 354
IV Biological Function of IRS Proteins in Insulin Action 364
V The Role of IRS Serine Phosphorylation in Mediating the Crosstalk with Other Signaling Pathways 366
VI Mechanisms Underlying IRS Serine Phosphorylation-Induced Insulin Resistance 369
VII Conclusion 372
References 373
14 IRS-2 and Its Involvement in Diabetes and Aging Jiandi Zhang Tian-Qiang Sun 389
I Introduction 390
II Identification of IRS-2 Protein 391
III Basic Structure of IRS Family Proteins 392
IV Involvement of IRS Proteins in Other Signaling Pathways 392
V IRS-2 Protein is Well Conserved Across Species 393
VI IRS-2, and Its Regulation in Energy Homeostasis 393
VII Searching for the Regulatory Factor of IRS-2 Transcription 395
VIII Phenotype of IRS-2 Null Mice 397
IX The Role of IRS-2 in Female Reproduction 400
X The Putative Role of IRS-2 in Aging Process 400
XI Summary 402
References 403
15 Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP) Christopher H. S. McIntosh Scott Widenmaier Su-Jin Kim 409
I Introduction 410
II Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) 412
III The GIP Gene and Precursor 415
IV GIP Secretion and Metabolism 417
V The GIP Receptor 421
VI Actions of GIP 425
VII GIP-Activated Signal-Transduction Pathways 432
VIII Pathophysiology of GIP 439
Acknowledgments 444
References 444
16 Insulin Granule Biogenesis, Trafficking and Exocytosis June Chunqiu Hou Le Min Jeffrey E. Pessin 473
I Introduction 474
II Section I 476
III Section II 480
IV Section III 484
V Section IV 491
References 494
17 Glucose, Regulator of Survival and Phenotype of Pancreatic Beta Cells Geert A. Martens Daniel Pipeleers 507
I Scope 508
II Beta Cell Handling of Glucose: Metabolic Specializations to Ensure Low-Affinity/High Capacity Glucose Sensing 509
III Glucose as Regulator of the Differentiated Beta Cell Phenotype 512
IV Glucose Regulation of Beta Cell Number 518
V Beta Cell Handing of Threatening High and Low Glucose Levels 521
Acknowledgments 530
References 530
18 Matrix Metalloproteinases, T Cell Homing and β-Cell Mass in Type 1 Diabetes Alexei Y. Savinov Alex Y. Strongin 541
I Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Natural Protein Inhibitors 542
II T Cell Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase 547
III Rodent Model of Human Type 1 Diabetes 550
IV T Cell MT1-MMP and CD44 in T1D 552
Acknowledgment 556
References 556
19 Role of Wnt Signaling in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Michael Bordonaro 563
I Introduction 564
II Wnt Signaling 565
III TCF7L2 Variants and Type 2 Diabetes Risk 570
IV Functional Relationship Between Wnt Signaling and Type 2 Diabetes In Vitro 574
V Conclusions and Future Directions 575
References 578
20 Retinal Insulin Receptor Signaling In Hyperosmotic Stress Raju V. S. Rajala Ivana Ivanovic Ashok Kumar Dilly 583
I Introduction 584
II Experimental Procedures 586
III Results 590
IV Discussion 603
Acknowledgments 607
References 608
21 Interleukin-6 and Insulin Resistance Jeong-Ho Kim Rebecca A. Bachmann Jie Chen 613
I Introduction 614
II Insulin Signaling and Insulin Resistance 615
III IL-6 and Insulin Resistance 619
IV Conclusions 625
Acknowledgment 626
References 627
22 Structure, Function, and Regulation of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Raymond E. Hulse Luis A. Ralat Wei-Jen Tang 635
I Introduction 636
II Structure of IDE 637
III The Regulation of IDE Activity 642
IV Conclusion 645
Acknowledgments 645
References 645
23 Modification of Androgen Receptor Function by Igf-1 Signaling: Implications in the Mechanism of Refractory Prostate Carcinoma Toshihiko Yanase WuQiang Fan 649
I Androgen Receptor Signaling 651
II IGF Signaling and Foxo-1 653
III Interaction between AR and Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling 654
IV Clinical Implications of Interactions between IGF-1 Signaling and AR 659
V Conclusion 662
Acknowledgments 663
References 663
24 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2/Mannose-6 Phosphate Receptors Hesham M. El-Shewy Louis M. Luttrell 667
I Introduction 668
II The IGF-2/M6P Receptor 671
III Functions of the IGF-2/M6P Receptor 678
IV Conclusions 685
References 685
25 Interactions of IGF-II with the IGF2R/Cation-Independent Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor: Mechanism and Biological Outcomes J. Brown, E. Y. Jones B. E. Forbes 699
I Introduction 700
II The Mechanism of the IGF2R:IGF-II Interaction 701
III Conclusion 713
References 714
Index 721
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Add Insulin and IGFs, The virtual explosion of the diabetes epidemic, especially type 2 diabetes emphasizes the need for renewed efforts in the basic sciences. This volume focuses less on diabetes itself but principally on insulin and IGFs and updates our information on three-, Insulin and IGFs to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Insulin and IGFs, The virtual explosion of the diabetes epidemic, especially type 2 diabetes emphasizes the need for renewed efforts in the basic sciences. This volume focuses less on diabetes itself but principally on insulin and IGFs and updates our information on three-, Insulin and IGFs to your collection on WonderClub |