Why Do English Language Learners Struggle with Reading?: Distinguishing Language Acquisition from Learning Disabilities Book

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Editors

Introduction 1

1 Distinguishing Between Language Acquisition and Learning Disabilities Among English Language Learners: Background Information Michael J. Orosco Orosco, Michael J. Estella Almanza de Schonewise de Schonewise, Estella Almanza Carmen de Onis de Onis, Carmen Janette K. Klingner Klingner, Janette K. John J. Hoover Hoover, John J. 5

ELL Demographics 6

ELLs and Disproportionate Representation 9

The Evolving Learning Disabilities Category 11

What We Know From Research on ELLs With LD 15

Conclusion 16

2 Misconceptions About the Second Language Acquisition Process Janette K. Klingner Klingner, Janette K. Estella Almanza de Schonewise de Schonewise, Estella Almanza Carmen de Onis de Onis, Carmen Laura Mendez Barletta Barletta, Laura Mendez 17

Misconception 1 18

Misconception 2 21

Misconception 3 23

Misconception 4 25

Misconception 5 29

Misconception 6 30

Misconception 7 32

Misconception 8 33

Conclusion 35

3 Response to Intervention Models and English Language Learners Janette K. Klingner Klingner, Janette K. Laura Mendez Barletta Barletta, Laura Mendez John J. Hoover Hoover, John J. 37

Introducing RTI at Marble Mountain Elementary 38

Overview of RTI 38

Assumptions Underlying RTI That May Be Problematic With ELLs 42

Implementing RTI at Marble Mountain Elementary School 46

RTI for English Language Learners 50

Summary 50

4 Helping Classroom Reading Teachers Distinguish Between Language Acquisition and Learning Disabilities Janette K. Klingner Klingner, Janette K. Diana Geisler Geisler, Diana 57

The "Five Big Ideas" of Reading 59

Oral Language 66

Motivation 68

Decision Points WhenStudents Struggle With Reading 70

Conclusion and a Caveat 73

5 Data-Driven Decision Making in a Multi-Tiered Model John J. Hoover Hoover, John J. 75

Data-Driven Decision Making 76

Multi-Tiered Instruction and Prereferral Interventions 77

Clarifying Educational Issues in the Decision Making for English Language Learners Struggling in Learning 78

Making Accurate Multi-Tiered Data-Driven Decisions 90

Summary 91

6 Considerations When Assessing ELLs for Special Education John J. Hoover Hoover, John J. Laura Mendez Barletta Barletta, Laura Mendez 93

ELL Classification Issues and Special Education Eligibility 94

Authentic Assessment 104

Summary 107

7 Conclusion: Putting the Pieces Together Leonard M. Baca Baca, Leonard M. Todd Fletcher Fletcher, Todd John J. Hoover Hoover, John J. 109

Introduction 109

Practical Applications of Suggested Interventions 111

Putting the Pieces Together 115

Concluding Thoughts on Future Directions 117

References 119

Index 133