Using the SAS Windowing Environment: A Quick Tutorial Book

	Acknowledgments	vii
Chapter 1	Using This Book
	Introduction	1
	Overview	1
	What You Will Learn from This Book	1
	What You Will Not Learn from This Book	2
	Intended Audience	2
	Contents of Each Chapter	3
	Chapter 2-Introduction to the SAS System	3
	Chapter 3-Tutorial: Writing and Submitting SAS Programs	3
	Chapter 4-Data Input	3
	Chapter 5-Some Basic Statistical Procedures	4
Appendix	Common SAS Programming Errors That Beginners Make	4
	Conclusion	4
Chapter 2	Introduction to the SAS System
	Introduction	5
	Overview	5
	What Is the SAS System?	5
	Where Is the SAS System Installed?	6
	Using the SAS System for Statistical Analyses	6
	Submitting a SAS Program	7
	Overview	7
	The SAS Program	7
	The SAS Log	11
	The SAS Output File	12
	Conclusion	13
Chapter 3	Tutorial: Writing and Submitting SAS Programs
	Introduction	17
	Overview	17
	Materials You Will Need for This Tutorial	18
	Conventions and Definitions	18
Tutorial Part I	Basics of Using the SAS Windowing Environment	19
	Overview	19
	Starting the SAS System	19
	The Five Basic SAS System Windows	21
	What If My Computer Screen Does Not Look Like Figure 3.2?	23
	Closing the SAS Explorer Window	23
	Closing the SAS Results Window	24
	Maximizing the Editor Window	25
	Requesting Line Numbers and Other Options	26
	The Menu Bar	29
	Using the Window Menu	29
	A More Concise Way of Illustrating Menu Paths	30
	Typing a Simple SAS Program	31
	Scrolling through Your Program	32
	Some Types of Files Used with the SAS System	33
	Saving Your SAS Program on Diskettes versus Other Media	34
	Saving Your SAS Program for the First Time on a 3.5" Diskette	34
	Where the Name of the SAS Program Will Appear	36
	Saving a File Each Subsequent Time on a Diskette	37
	Save Your Work Often!	37
	Submitting the SAS Program for Execution	37
	What Happens after Submitting a Program	39
	Reviewing the Contents of Your Log File	39
	What Do I Do If My Program Did Not Run Correctly?	40
	Printing the Log File on a Printer	41
	Reviewing the Contents of Your Output File	42
	Printing Your SAS Output	42
	Clearing the Log and Output Windows	43
	Returning to the Editor Window	43
	What If the Editor Window Is Empty?	43
	Saving Your SAS Program on a Diskette (Again)	44
	Ending Your Session with the SAS System	44
Tutorial Part II	Opening and Editing an Existing SAS Program	45
	Overview	45
	Restarting the SAS System	45
	Modifying the Initial SAS System Screen	46
	Verifying That You Have Requested Line Numbers and Other Options	46
	Reviewing the Names of Files on a Diskette and Opening an Existing SAS Program	48
	What If I Don't See the Name of My File on My Diskette?	50
	General Comments about Editing SAS Programs	50
	Inserting a Single Line in an Existing SAS Program	51
	Inserting Multiple Lines	53
	Deleting a Single Line	54
	Deleting a Range of Lines	56
	Copying a Single Line	58
	Copying a Range of Lines	60
	Moving Lines	62
	Saving Your SAS Program and Ending the SAS Session	63
Tutorial Part III	Submitting a Program with an Error	63
	Overview	63
	Restarting the SAS System	63
	Modifying the Initial SAS System Screen	64
	Opening an Existing SAS Program from Your Diskette	65
	Submitting a Program with an Error	66
	Reviewing the SAS Log and Correcting the Error	66
	Saving Your SAS Program and Ending This Session	70
	To Learn More about Debugging SAS Programs	70
Tutorial Part IV	Practicing What You Have Learned	71
	Overview	71
	Restarting the SAS System and Modifying the Initial SAS System Screen	71
	Reviewing the Names of Files on a Diskette and Opening an Existing SAS Program	72
	Practicing What You Have Learned	73
	Ending the Tutorial	74
	Summary of Steps for Frequently Performed Activities	74
	Overview	74
	Starting the SAS Windowing Environment	74
	Opening an Existing SAS Program from a 3.5" Diskette	75
	Finding and Correcting an Error in a SAS Program	76
	Controlling the Size of the Output Page with the OPTIONS Statement	78
	For More Information	79
	Conclusion	79
Chapter 4	Data Input
	Introduction	82
	Overview	82
	Entering Questionnaire Data versus Other Types of Data	82
	Keying Data	83
	Overview	83
	An Illustrative Example	83
	General Guidelines for Keying Data	87
	Entering Data Using the DATALINES Statement	90
	Overview	90
	An Illustrative Example	90
	Additional Guidelines for Writing the INPUT Statement	96
	Entering "Check All That Apply" Questions As Multiple Variables	102
	Entering a Correlation or Covariance Matrix	104
	Overview	104
	Entering a Correlation Matrix	104
	Entering a Covariance Matrix	108
	Entering Data Using the INFILE Statement	108
	Overview	108
	General Form	109
	An Illustrative Example	109
	Using PROC PRINT to Create a Listing of the Raw Data	111
	Overview	111
	The PROC PRINT Statement	111
	A Note about Creating Printouts	112
	Conclusion	112
Chapter 5	Some Basic Statistical Procedures
	Introduction	113
	Overview	113
	Data Set to Be Analyzed: The Political Donation Study	114
	The SAS Program	115
	Basic Statistical Procedures	115
	Using PROC MEANS to Compute Means and Standard Deviations	115
	Using PROC UNIVARIATE to Compute Central Tendency and Variability	118
	Using PROC FREQ to Create One-Way Frequency Tables	123
	Using PROC FREQ to Create Two-Way Crosstabulation Tables	126
	Including Multiple Procedures in a Single Program	132
	Overview	132
	An Example	132
	Conclusion	133
	References	135
Appendix	Common SAS Programmers Errors That Beginners Make
	Introduction	137
	Overview	137
	A Simple SAS Program with No Errors	138
	The SAS Program	138
	The SAS Log and Output Files	139
	Ten Common Errors That Beginners Make	140
Error #1	Omitting a Required Semicolon	140
Error #2	Inserting Unnecessary Semicolons	142
Error #3	Inserting an Unnecessary Equal Sign in the DATA Statement	144
Error #4	Omitting a Required Equal Sign When Identifying a Data Set in the PROC Statement	146
Error #5	Failing to Use the Dollar Sign to Identify a Character Variable	147
Error #6	Typing the Letter "O" When You Meant to Type a Zero	150
Error #7	Placing the Null Statement at the End of the Last Data Line	151
Error #8	Misspelling a Word	153
Error #9	Omitting One of the Single Quotation Marks in the TITLE1 Statement	154
Error #10	Omitting the RUN Statement	156
	Conclusion	158
	Index	159