Unknown Capoeira, Volume Two: A History of the Brazilian Martial Art Book

Preface x

Introduction 1

First Came 12 Ships 4

Lords of the Atlantic 26

The Portuguese Slave Trade 27

Pre-Colonial Accounts of Africans Enslaving Africans 28

West Africa Conquered 30

The Spanish Slave Trade 34

Ladinos and Bozales 35

Palenques and Cumbes: The Cousins of Quilombos 36

Adja-Yorùbá Traditions in Spanish Americas 38

Santeria: The Cousin of the Brazilian Candomblé 38

Maní: The Afro-Cuban Fighting-Game 38

The English/British Slave Trade 40

The British Colonies in the Caribbean Sea 42

British Slave Rebellions 43

The British Colonies in the United States 44

Obeah: Adja-Yorùbá Influences in British Americas 45

The French Slave Trade 46

The French Quilombos 48

Ag'ya, Chatou, Kalinda, Kenbwa and Vodou 48

Kalinda: Stick-Fighting and Dance in the Caribbean 51

The Dutch Slave Trade 52

The Dutch Sugar Industry 54

Dutch Guiana's Maroons: The Bush Negroes 55

Susa and Obeah in the Dutch Guiana 57

The Danish-Norwegian Slave Trade 58

The Slave Rebellion of St. John 60

The American Slave Trade 61

American Slave Ships: Small, Fierce Vessels 64

The Swedish Slave Trade 69

The Brandenburger/Prussian Gold Coast 71

The junkanoo Festivities 72

The Cradle of Capoeira 75

The Findings of Africa and the Atlantic 75

Romanus Pontifex 75

While in Africa 76

Slavery in Mother Africa 77

First, the Atlantic Islands 78

The Madeira Islands: The First Atlantic Slave-Sugarcane Experience 79

The Azores Islands: Early Slave Revolts on the Rise 79

Cape Verde Islands: Future Land of the Batuque 80

The Canary Islands: The Successful Spanish Venture 81

Sao Tomé: The Plantation Model 82

The Ethnic Groups 83

Peoples and Names 83

The Findings of Brazil 84

First Slaves in Brazil 86

Slave Revolts 87

The Quilombos: Resistance and Social Placement 89

Building the Unique Brazilian Identity: The Abolition 93

The Distribution of Slaves in Brazil 95

African Dances and Fighting Dances 100

The N'Golo or the Dance of the Zebras 104

The True Origins of N'Golo 110

The Angolan Influence: Bantu Traits in Brazil 115

The Berimbau Joins the Roda de Capoeira 117

The Musical Bows 117

Arts and Berimbau in Capoeira 118

Ag'ya and Damyé: The Cousins of Capoeira 124

A Conversation with Vanoye Aikens 125

The Aja People 126

The Blending of an Art 131

The Creolization of Adja-Yorùbá and Angola Terms 133

The Origins of the Word "Capoeira" 136

Batuque Rituals, Nations and Candomblé 138

Batuque, the Cult of Orishas 138

The Ijexá Nation 139

The Cabinda Nation, an Adja-Yorubá Tradition 140

The Jeje Nation 141

The Oyo Nation 142

Candomblé: The First Adja-Yorubá Cultural Contact 142

Candomblé of Ketu 143

Candomblé of Angola 144

Samba: Poetry in the Feet 145

Samba de Roda: The Game of the Ring Samba 153

The Samba Duro, or the Pernada Carioca 154

A Brief History of Samba de Roda 154

Partido Alto 155

Samba de Terreiro and Samba Enredo 156

The Jongo Dance: A Rural Diversion 157

The Ghanean Jongo 158

Maculelê: The Afro-Brazilian Stick-Fighting Dance 159

Puxada de Rede: Poetry in the Fisherman's Net 161

Frevo: The Heated Rhythms of the Streets 162

The Term "Frevo" 162

The Frevo Dance 162

The Malandragem and the Malandro da Lapa 163

Madame Sata: The Most Famous Malandro da Lapa 164

Brief History of Madame Sata 168

The Maltas, in General 169

The Real Maltas de Capoeira 170

The Rise of Capoeira 171

The Arts of Capoeira 173

Danse de la Guerre and San Salvador 173

Negroes Fighting 174

"Convoi funébre d'un fils de roi négre" 175

O Calço ou a Rasteira 175

Razor, Handkerchief and Prestige in Capoeira 176

An Urban and European Blend 178

The Schools That Changed the World 179

The Golden Age of Capoeira 179

Early Contributions 182

Capoeira Angola 183

Mestre Pastinha 184

Capoeira Regional 184

Mestre Bimba 185

Contemporary Capoeira 186

Capoeira Moves & Phonology 187

Glossary of Yoruba Words 190

Notes 192