Understanding Intelligence Book

	Preface
Pt. I	The Study of Intelligence - Foundations and Issues	1
1	The Study of Intelligence	3
1.1	Characterizing Intelligence	6
1.2	Studying Intelligence: The Synthetic Approach	21
2	Foundations of Classical Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science	35
2.1	Cognitive Science: Preliminaries	35
2.2	The Cognitivistic Paradigm	39
2.3	An Architecture for an Intelligent Agent	47
3	The Fundamental Problems of Classical AI and Cognitive Science	59
3.1	Real Worlds versus Virtual Worlds	59
3.2	Some Well-Known Problems with Classical Systems	63
3.3	The Fundamental Problems of Classical AI	64
3.4	Remedies and Alternatives	74
Pt. II	A Framework for Embodied Cognitive Science	79
4	Embodied Cognitive Science: Basic Concepts	81
4.1	Complete Autonomous Agents	82
4.2	Biological and Artificial Agents	99
4.3	Designing for Emergence - Logic-Based and Embodied Systems	111
4.4	Explaining Behavior	127
5	Neural Networks for Adaptive Behavior	139
5.1	From Biological to Artificial Neural Networks	140
5.2	The Four or Five Basics	143
5.3	Distributed Adaptive Control	152
5.4	Types of Neural Networks	167
5.5	Beyond Information Processing: A Polemic Digression	172
Pt. III	Approaches and Agent Examples	179
6	Braitenberg Vehicles	181
6.1	Motivation	181
6.2	The Fourteen Vehicles	182
6.3	Segmentation of Behavior and the Extended Braitenberg Architecture	195
7	The Subsumption Architecture	199
7.1	Behavior-Based Robotics	201
7.2	Designing a Subsumption-Based Robot	202
7.3	Examples of Subsumption-Based Architectures	206
7.4	Conclusions: The Subsumption Approach to Designing Intelligent Systems	219
8	Artificial Evolution and Artificial Life	227
8.1	Basic Principles	230
8.2	An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms: Evolving a Neural Controller for an Autonomous Agent	234
8.3	Examples of Artificially Evolved Agents	240
8.4	Toward Biological Plausibility: Cell Growth from Genome-Based Cell-to-Cell Communication	250
8.5	Real Robots, Evolution of Hardware, and Simulation	255
8.6	Artificial Life: Additional Examples	260
8.7	Methodological Issues and Conclusions	270
9	Other Approaches	277
9.1	The Dynamical Systems Approach	277
9.2	Behavioral Economics	283
9.3	Schema-Based Approaches	292
Pt. IV	Principles of Intelligent Systems	297
10	Design Principles of Autonomous Agents	299
10.1	The Nature of the Design Principles	299
10.2	Design Principles for Autonomous Agents	302
10.3	Design Principles in Context	318
11	The Principle of Parallel, Loosely Coupled Processes	327
11.1	Control Architectures for Autonomous Agents	330
11.2	Traditional Views on Control Architectures	337
11.3	Parallel, Decentralized Approaches	345
11.4	Case Study: A Self-Sufficient Garbage Collector	357
12	The Principle of Sensory-Motor Coordination	377
12.1	Categorization: Traditional Approaches	378
12.2	The Sensory-Motor Coordination Approach	392
12.3	Case Study: The SMC Agents	407
12.4	Application: Active Vision	431
13	The Principles of Cheap Design, Redundancy, and Ecological Balance	435
13.1	The Principle of Cheap Design	435
13.2	The Redundancy Principle	446
13.3	The Principle of Ecological Balance	455
14	The Value Principle	467
14.1	Value Systems	469
14.2	Self-Organization	475
14.3	Learning in Autonomous Agents	485
15	Human Memory: A Case Study	503
15.1	Memory Defined	503
15.2	Problems of Classical Notions of Memory	506
15.3	The Frame-of-Reference Problem in Memory Research	511
15.4	The Alternatives	516
15.5	Implications for Memory Research	530
Pt. V	Design and Evaluation	535
16	Agent Design Considerations	537
16.1	Preliminary Design Considerations	539
16.2	Agent Design	542
16.3	Putting It All Together: Control Architectures	562
16.4	Summary and a Fundamental Issue	569
17	Evaluation	577
17.1	General Introduction	578
17.2	Performing Agent Experiments	588
17.3	Measuring Behavior	593
Pt. VI	Future Directions	605
18	Theory, Technology, and Applications	607
18.1	Hard Problems	607
18.2	Theory and Technology	612
18.3	Applications	618
19	Intelligence Revisited	631
19.1	Elements of a Theory of Intelligence	631
19.2	Implications for Society	638
	Glossary	645
	References	659
	Author Index	677
	Subject Index	681