Understanding Ethnic Conflict: The International Dimension Book

Preface: Nationalism, the War on Terror, and Conflict Resolution 

PART I: ETHNIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 

1. ETHNIC CONFLICT ON THE WORLD STAGE 

Introduction 

Ethnic Group, Ethnic Nation, Ethnic Nationalism 

Civic versus Ethnic Nationalism

National Self-determination in Practice

The Rise of Civic Nationalism

The Basis of Ethnic Identity

The Etiology of Ethnic Polarization and Conflict

Modernization and Ethnic Nationalism

Multiethnic States and Democratic (In)stability

Resource Competition and Ethnic Nationalism

Violent Ethnic Wars in the Post-Cold War Era 

Ancient Hatreds and Ethnic Conflict

The Irredentist–Anti-Irredentist Paradigm

 Insecurity, Fear, and Ethnic Conflict

 Elites, Masses and Ethnic Conflict

Globalization and Ethnic Conflict 

Goals of Ethnic Political Movements

The Staying Power of Ethnic Insurgency Movements

Conclusion

2. ETHNIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL NORMS

Introduction  

International Norms Affecting Ethnosecession 

The Doctrine of Sovereignty

Self-Determination and Ethnosecessionist Movements

The Moral Case for Secession

The Emerging Global Regime on Ethnic Minorities

Conclusion

3. ETHNIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 

Introduction 

Complex Humanitarian Emergencies

Internal Displacement and Refugees

Torture, Abuse, and Mass Rape

Child Soldiers

State Failure and Collapse

Ethnoterrorism

Guns-for-Drugs Syndrome

Partisan Intervention and Counter-Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts

Typology of External Partisan Intervention

Reasons for Partisan External Intervention

Characteristics of Partisan External Intervention

Constraints on Partisan External Intervention

Consequences of Partisan External Intervention

Conclusion

4. RESOLVING ETHNIC CONFLICTS THROUGH INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION 

Why Resolving Ethnic Conflicts Is Important 

Ethnic Conflict Resolution by International Third Parties 

Peacekeeping 

Peacemaking 

Peacebuilding 

Ethnic Conflict Resolution by the United Nations 

The United Nations as a Peacekeeper 

The United Nations as a Peacemaker 

The United Nations as a Peacebuilder 

States as Third Parties in Ethnic Conflict Resolution  

Major Powers and Ethnic Conflict Resolution 

Ethnic Conflict Resolution by Third-World Regional Powers 

Regional Organizations as Third Parties in Ethnic Conflict Resolution 

International Nongovernmental Organizations as Third Parties in Ethnic Conflict Resolution 

Conclusion 

PART II: CASE STUDIES 

5. NATIONALISM AND THE COLLAPSE OF AN EMPIRE: THE SOVIET UNION, RUSSIA, AND CHECHNYA

The Breakdown of Empires 

Why Did Ethnic Conflict Occur? 

Soviet Imperialism and Great Russian Nationalism 

Democratization as a Source of Ethnic Conflict 

The Conflict of Identities 

Nationalist Mobilization in Post—Soviet Russia 

The Core Ideas of Russian Nationalism 

Russian Nationalists Resurgent 

Russia’s New Minorities 

Russia and Chechnya 

Chechen Ethnosecessionism 

International Reaction 

Noninternationalization of the Chechen Conflict 

Third-party Mediation in Chechnya 

Conclusion 

6. SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACIES: CANADA AND QUEBEC NATIONALISM 

Introduction 

Why Has Ethnic Conflict Occurred? Sources of Quebec Nationalism 

British Colonization 

Confederation 

Economic Stagnation 

Conscription Crises 

Disputed Borders 

Society in Transformation 

The Quiet Revolution 

Quebec’s Exclusion from the Canadian Constitution 

The Failure to Bring Quebec Back in 

The Growth of the Sovereignty Movement 

The Canadian Supreme Court on Secession 

Why Peaceful Secession Is Rare 

International Reaction 

Can a Constitutional Dispute Be Internationalized? 

Is External Mediation Possible in Canada? 

7. PROTRACTED ETHNIC WARS: THE TAMIL—SINHALESE CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA 

Introduction 

Why Did Ethnic Conflict Occur?

Internationalization of the Ethnic War

India’s Attempt at Conflict Resolution

The Ethnic Civil War in the 1990s

The Start of the Norway-Facilitated Peace Process

Peace Negotiations

Suspension of the Talks

Political Turmoil and its Impact on Peace Talks

Prospects for a Negotiated Peace

8. WEAKSTATES AND ETHNIC CONFLICT: SECESSIONISM AND STATE COLLAPSE IN AFRICA 

Introduction 

Weak States 

Secessionism in Ethiopia 

The Colonial Legacy 

Pan—Africanism and Pan—Ethiopianism 

Ethiopia’s Collapse, Eritrea’s Independence 

Internationalization and External Mediation 

Weak States, Politicized Identities in Central Africa 

The Colonial Legacy and Hutu-Tutsi Rivalry

Internationalization and External Mediation

Keeping the State Strong: South Africa

Transition from Apartheid

Ethnicity, State-building, and the International System

Conclusion 

9. WESTERN MILITARY INTERVENTION AND ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS: IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN, AND YUGOSLAVIA 

Introduction 

The U.S. Occupation of Iraq

Toppling a Dictator, Creating a Weak State

The Increased Salience of Ethnoreligious Cleavages

Ending Afghanistan’s Wars Through Intervention

Ethnicity, Warlords, and Internal Conflict

International Intervention and Peacekeeping after the Taliban  

Wars in a Disintegrating Yugoslavia

International Prevarication

Third-party Intervention and Peacekeeping

Conclusion 

10: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONALISM: TO INTERVENE OR NOT TO INTERVENE? 

Studying Post-Cold War Policymaking 

Rationales for U.S. Interventions 

Promoting Liberal Internationalism

Preempting Security Threats

Activism to Promote Integration

The Backlash to U.S. Unilateralism 

Conclusion