The Making of a Mining District : Keweenaw Native Copper, 1500-1870 Book

	Illustrations	10
	Preface	11
	Introduction	14
1	Keweenaw Copper Before 1800	18
	Early Accounts	18
	Champlain	24
	The Jesuits	28
	De la Ronde	34
	The British Period	38
2	Amateurs, Professionals, and Native Copper	44
	The Creation of the Keweenaw	44
	The Copper Lodes	45
	Copper and Its Ores	48
	Science - Amateurs and Professionals	54
3	Henry Rowe Schoolcraft Meets the Keweenaw	60
	The Keweenaw Becomes American	60
	Henry Rowe Schoolcraft	68
	The Expedition of 1820	71
	The Schoolcraft Reports	77
	American Responses	90
4	Douglass Houghton - Copper Finds Its Columbus	97
	Early Life and Education	97
	The Expedition of 1831	103
	The Expedition of 1832	108
	The Quiet Years	111
	The State Geologist	117
5	The Copper Report and the Copper Rush	122
	The 1840 Field Season	124
	The Copper Report	132
	The Boulder and the Rush	136
	The Fateful Journey	143
6	Houghton - The Misunderstood Pioneer	149
	The Houghton Tradition	152
	Questioning the Tradition	156
	Testing the Tradition	160
	Houghton - An Alternative Perspective	171
7	Charles T. Jackson and the Federal Survey	176
	Charles T. Jackson	182
	The Priority Conflicts	184
	The Federal Survey Fiasco	187
8	Jackson and the Early Mining Efforts	194
	The Jackson Claim	194
	The Mining Efforts Begin	205
	The Cliff Strikes It Rich	209
	The Mighty Minesota	214
	The Foster and Whitney Report	219
9	The District Becomes Established	221
	The Spectacular Fissures	221
	The Amygdaloids Produce	229
	The Conglomerate Bonanza	234
10	The Making of a Mining District	239
	Notes	252
	References Cited	275
	Index	285