The Crystallization of the Iraqi State : Geopolitical Function and Form Book

	Preface	13
	Acknowledgements	15
	List of Maps	17
	Notes on Maps	18
	Notes on Transliteration, Spellings and Names	18
	Glossary	19
Chapter 1	Introduction
	Introduction	23
	Geographical and Historical Characteristics of Mesopotamia: Factors Impacting on the Iraqi State	27
	Defining the Region	27
	'Al-Iraq' and 'Al-Jazirah'	28
	Geography of the Region	30
	The Impact on the Iraqi State of the 1920s	31
	Methodology	32
Chapter 2	The Crystallization of the Iraqi State: Theoretical Fields
	Introduction	35
	The Role of Geography	36
	The Impact of Geographical Location on the Geopolitical Status of a Territory	39
	Mackinder's Heartland Theory	42
	British Interests in Mesopotamia	54
	Constraints on British Ambitions in Mesopotamia	57
	State and Nation Building Theory	59
	The Absorption of the Nation by the State	66
	The Transformation of Nationalism	68
	Questioning the Modernity of Nations	70
	The Mythical Elements of Nations	71
	The Paradox of the Nation	74
	The Issue of Boundaries	78
	The Problems of Reality	80
	Conclusion	81
Chapter 3	The Population, Administration and History of the Region
	Introduction	85
	The Composition of the Population	87
	Ethno-Religious Communities	88
	Tribal Communities	95
	A Common Citizenship?	99
	The Town and Country Divide	100
	The Divides Existing Between and Within Cities	101
	The Extent of Ottoman Control Over Iraq	106
	An Uncertain Control: 1516-1831	106
	The Tanzimat Reform Era in Iraq: 1844-1872	112
	Land Tenure Change	116
	Vilayet Law of 1864	120
	Educational Reform	121
	1875 Administration Onwards	122
	Conclusion	123
Chapter 4	Great Power Interests in the Middle East before the First World War
	Introduction	127
	Partition or Preservation of the Ottoman Territories?	129
	Great Power Interests in the Region	133
	Great Britain	138
	France	141
	Russia	142
	Germany	145
	The Eastern Question	148
	Specific Histories of the Great Powers in the Middle East: Before 1915	152
	Anglo-Russian Relations	152
	Anglo-Ottoman Relations	156
	Moving Towards Partition	159
	The Constantinople Agreement, March 1915	161
	Anglo-French Relations	164
	Conclusion	172
Chapter 5	The Post-War Settlement: Creating the State of Iraq
	Introduction	175
	The Peace Treaties and Conferences after the First World War	179
	The Armistice of Mudros	179
	American Influence	181
	The Paris Peace Conference, 1919	183
	Sharpening of British Interests in Mesopotamia	184
	The San Remo Conference of 1920, and the Consequences	188
	The Nature of Boundaries	191
	The Western Boundary	193
	The Southern Boundary	197
	The Northern Boundary	202
	Conclusion	210
Chapter 6	The Post-War Settlement: Creating Iraq's Political System
	Introduction	219
	Constraints on British Plans for Iraq	220
	The Position and Role of the League of Nations	221
	The American Influence	222
	British Concerns over European Relationships	223
	Local Moves Towards Self-Determination	223
	Divergences of Opinion Within British Policy-Making	225
	British Decisions Regarding the Form of Government for Iraq	227
	The 1920 Revolt and its Repercussions	230
	The Cairo Conference of 1921: Choosing a King for Iraq	233
	The Political Foundations of the New State	236
	The 1922 Anglo-Iraq Treaty	236
	The Limiting of the Government of Iraq's Sovereignty	240
	The Fragility of Iraqi 'National Identity'	242
	The Position of the Kurds	244
	The Position of the Shi'i	248
	The Position of the Jews and Other Minorities	250
	Other Political Obstacles to Iraqi National Solidarity	253
	Conclusion	255
Chapter 7	The Effects of the Geographical Form and Political System Chosen for Iraq: Difficulties with the Development of a National Identity
	Introduction	259
	The Effects Upon National Consciousness Within Iraq	263
	The Shi'i Within Iraq	266
	The Kurds Within Iraq	270
	The Importance of Different Collective Memories	274
	The Role of Education in Spreading a National Identity	275
	Different Visions of 'Independence'	277
	Conflicting Models of Statehood	280
	Key Obstacles to Stability	285
	The Regional Issues Facing the New Iraqi State	287
	Issues of Identity	288
	New State Boundaries	291
	Constructing National Economies	292
	Iraq's Attitude Towards its Neighbours	294
	Conclusion	297
Chapter 8	Conclusion	303
	Bibliography
	Books	317
	Articles	327
	Theses and Unpublished Papers	332
	Archive Sources	332